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PSYC 305 > L4/CH6/CH8 > Flashcards

L4/CH6/CH8 Flashcards

1
Q

Nature vs nurture debate

A

whether genes or environment are more important in accounting for differences in a trait within the population (not an individual)

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2
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be explained or accounted for by genetic variance

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3
Q

3 characteristics of heritability

A

cannot be applied to an individual; not constant or absolute; not a precise statistic

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4
Q

Environmentality

A

proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals attributable to environmental variance

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5
Q

Twin studies

A

estimates heritability by gauging whether identical or MZ twins are more similar than fraternal or DZ twins

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6
Q

2 assumptions made in twin studies

A

equal environments and representativeness

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7
Q

Representativeness assumption

A

findings from twin research can be generalized to non-twin individuals

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8
Q

Adoption studies

A

correlations of adopted children with genetic parents give evidence of genetic influence while correlation with adoptive parents give evidence of environmental influence

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9
Q

Major strength of adoption studies

A

genetic parents provide no environmental influence so genes and environment aren’t confounding

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10
Q

Limitation of adoption studies

A

possible selective placement of adopted children with similar characteristics to the adoptive parents

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11
Q

Shared environmental effects

A

family and environmental influences that affect twins or siblings similarly

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12
Q

Non-shared environmental effects

A

family and environmental influences that affect twins or siblings differently

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13
Q

Aspects of a person a shared environment influences

A

attitudes, religious beliefs, political orientation, health behaviors (e.g. smoking and drinking tendencies)

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14
Q

3 types of interactions between genes and environment

A

genotype-environment interaction, genotype-environment correlation, epigenetics

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15
Q

Genotype-environment interaction

A

environment has a different impact depending on an individual’s genotype (e.g. abused children with low MAOA become antisocial and violent)

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16
Q

Genotype-environment correlation

A

exposure to environmental conditions depends on genotype

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17
Q

3 kinds of genotype-environment correlations

A

passive, reactive, and active

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18
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlation

A

the child is responsive to the environment provided by their parents based on their genes (i.e. parents provide both genes and environment to the children who did nothing to obtain that environment)

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19
Q

Reactive genotype-environment correlation

A

heritable behavior evokes different environmental/social responses

20
Q

Active genotype-environment correlation

A

heritable propensity to select the kind of environment one exponses oneself to

21
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of changes in organisms caused by changes in gene expression due to environmental influences (i.e. how nurture shapes nature)

22
Q

Behaviors with epigenetic effects

A

risk-taking behavior, anxiety, stress reactivity, sociability

23
Q

2 candidate genes with direct links to personality

A

dopamine receptor gene DRD4 and serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR

24
Q

Behaviors linked to DRD4 gene

A

novelty-seeking and extraversion

25
Q

Behaviors linked to 5-HTTLPR gene

A

neuroticism (associated with 9-level loci) and other depressive and anxiety-related traits

26
Q

How can genes affect likelihood of divorce?

A

genes > neurotransmitters, hormones, physiological arousal > thoughts, feelings, behaviors over time > form traits that influence relationship

27
Q

5 core personality traits found in chimpanzees

A

reactivity/undependability, dominance, openness, extraversion, agreeableness

28
Q

2 major accomplishments of our ancestors that led to evolution

A

they survived to reproductive age and they reproduced

29
Q

What 2 behaviors did our evolutionary success depend on?

A

getting ahead (agency) and getting along (communion)

30
Q

2 goals people had to fulfill across time and culture

A

to engage with others THEN to pursue personal goals and distinctiveness

31
Q

2 levels of analysis from an evolutionary perspective

A

human nature; individual and group differences

32
Q

Human nature

A

a product of evolutionary processes: psychological mechanisms and traits that spread through the population and came to characterize all humans

33
Q

4 traits that comprise human nature

A

the need to belong, empathy, helping/altruism, universal emotions

34
Q

Adaptive functions of belonging in a group

A

resources (e.g. food), protection, and having a concentration of mates

35
Q

Evolutionary benefits of empathy

A

social cohesion and cooperation

36
Q

How does helping enhance the inclusive fitness of helpers?

A

helping others (typically those closely related like siblings) increases the their likelihood of survival and reproductive success

37
Q

When do emotions have an evolutionary basis?

A

when they are shared by all members of a species

38
Q

2 evolutionary functions of emotions

A

serve as adaptive psychosocial mechanisms that signal other individuals and can be used to manipulate others

39
Q

What are the only primates that engage in lethal aggression and warfare?

A

humans and chimpanzees (due to low expression of ADRA2C gene which inhibits fight or flight)

40
Q

4 leading explanations for the maintenance of individual differences over time

A

environmental triggers of differences, frequency-dependent selection of traits, contingencies among traits, optimal variance over time and space

41
Q

Environmental triggers of differences

A

individual differences result from environmental differences acting on species-typical psychological mechanisms

42
Q

Contingencies among traits

A

individual differences result from contingencies among traits (e.g. certain physical traits may make the expression of certain psychological traits more or less adaptive)

43
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

reproductive success of a trait depends on its frequency relative to that of other traits in a population (e.g. more common = less competitive advantage)

44
Q

Optimal variance over time and space

A

different levels of a trait are optimally adaptive in different environmental conditions over time

45
Q

Balancing selection

A

recognition that the variability of a trait within a population is maintained on a genetic level (because no trait is adaptive across all environmental conditions)

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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