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PSYC 305 > L5/CH9 > Flashcards

L5/CH9 Flashcards

1
Q

Psyche

A

the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian neurologist, professor, and later psychotherapist

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3
Q

Contribution of Freud

A

founded psychoanalysis and focused on the unconscious, libido, defense mechanisms, and early childhood experiences

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4
Q

3 main criticisms of Freud

A

relied on case studies of wealthy white people instead of experimentation or hypothesis testing; held a negative view on human nature; sexist and heteronormative theories

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5
Q

Carl Gustav Jung

A

Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who worked with Freud in the 1900s

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6
Q

Contribution of Jung

A

founded analytical psychology and focused on symbolism, mysticism, occultism, the collective unconscious, archetypes, etc.

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7
Q

Psychic determinism (Freud)

A

accidents of daily life are often reflections of the motivated unconscious; everything we think, feel, do, and say is an expression of our mind (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)

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8
Q

Talking cure (Freud)

A

the unconscious cause of a psychological symptom must be discovered before it can be cured

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9
Q

Personality change (Freud)

A

a redirection of one’s psychic energy, which remains constant throughout life

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10
Q

Freud’s basic instincts

A

strong innate forces that supply all psychic energy (i.e. primary motives of behavior) that can create conflict within or between people

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11
Q

2 kinds of basic instincts

A

life instinct or eros (previously self-preservation and sexual instincts) and death instinct or thanatos

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12
Q

Eros

A

any need-satisfying, life-sustaining, pleasure-orienting surge

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13
Q

Thanatos

A

any urge to destroy, harm, or aggress against others or oneself

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14
Q

Energy/impulse of life vs death instinct

A

libido; destrudo

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15
Q

Life vs death instinct expressed in everyday life

A

self-care, love, sex, creativity, communion; aggression, destruction, violence, agency (separation and mastery)

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16
Q

Jung’s argument on human behavior

A

free will and goal-directedness largely determine human behavior, not unconscious processes

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17
Q

Factors that affect whether someone has free will

A

how free will is defined, the behavior/outcome in question, the interpretation of research

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18
Q

3 components in Freud’s organization of the mind

A

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

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19
Q

Conscious

A

current thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that you are aware of

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20
Q

Preconscious

A

information that can easily be retrieved but you are not presently thinking about (e.g. memories, dreams)

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21
Q

Unconscious

A

largest part of the mind containing instincts, urges, and thoughts/memories of which a person is unaware

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22
Q

3 components of Freud’s structural model of personality

A

id, ego, superego

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23
Q

Id

A

most primitive part of the mind that we are born with; source of all drives and urges that acts on the pleasure principle (desire for immediate gratification) and primary process thinking

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24
Q

Primary process thinking

A

thinking without logical rules of conscious thought or an anchor in reality

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25
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

something unavailable in reality is conjured up and the image of it is temporarily satisfying to the id

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26
Q

Ego

A

executive of personality that constrains id to reality, acts on the reality principle (understands that urges are often in conflict with physical and social reality) and secondary process thinking; develops within first 2-3 years of life

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27
Q

Secondary process thinking

A

the development of strategies for solving problems and obtaining satisfaction (i.e. when and how to express a desire or urge)

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28
Q

Superego

A

internalizes the ideals, values, and morals of parents and society/culture/authority; felt as guilt, shame, pride; developed at age 5

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29
Q

2 components of the superego

A

conscience (a sense of morality or right and wrong) and ego-ideal (ideal image of self)

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30
Q

How is a well-balanced mind achieved?

A

having a strong ego that balances competing forces of the id and superego

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31
Q

Jung’s model of the psyche

A

the psyche consists of both conscious and unconscious elements

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32
Q

5 elements of the psyche according to Jung

A

ego (conscious mind), persona (character we display), shadow (dark side), anima (feminine in men), animus (masculine in women)

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33
Q

Jung’s notion of the shadow

A

the dark side of one’s personality that they don’t want to face, relegated to the unconscious (e.g. instincts, desires)

34
Q

Jung’s collective unconscious

A

second psychic system (aside from the personal unconscious) of a collective, universal, impersonal nature which is identical in all individuals and inherited, not developed individually

35
Q

Modern explanation of the collective unconscious

A

it represents innate or genetically-determined psychological concepts and mechanisms that allow us to respond to universal phenomena; similar to instincts

36
Q

2 contemporary views on the unconscious mind

A

motivated (Freudian) view and cognitive view

37
Q

Motivated view of the unconscious

A

urges and undesirable thoughts/feelings are buried in the conscious

38
Q

Cognitive view of the unconscious

A

information perceived may get into the unconscious and influence us but it’s not buried and it’s not very powerful

39
Q

Anxiety according to Freud

A

an unpleasant state indicating that the ego is being threatened

40
Q

3 types of anxiety according to Freud

A

objective, neurotic, and moral

41
Q

Objective anxiety

A

fear that occurs in response to a real, external threat to a person

42
Q

Neurotic anxiety

A

direct conflict between the id and ego

43
Q

Moral anxiety

A

conflict between the ego and superego

44
Q

Defence mechanisms according to Freud

A

ways for the ego to cope with anxiety; typically operate unconsciously and distort, transform, or falsify reality in some way to reduce tension

45
Q

2 functions of defence mechanisms

A

to protect the ego and minimize anxiety and distress

46
Q

7 defence mechanisms

A

repression, rationalization, reaction formation, denial, displacement, projection, sublimation

47
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

a form of denial; tendency to blame events outside one’s control for failure but accept responsibility for success

48
Q

Repression

A

preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness

49
Q

Rationalization

A

reasoning, explaining, making excuses for outcomes

50
Q

Reaction formation

A

displaying opposite behaviors to how you actually think or feel, often in an exaggerated way

51
Q

Denial

A

insisting things are not the way they seem and not seeing facts

52
Q

Displacement

A

redirecting a threatening impulse to a less threatening target; unconsciously avoiding recognition that one has inappropriate or unacceptable feelings toward a specific person or object

53
Q

Projection

A

attributing negative qualities of oneself to others

54
Q

False consensus effect

A

tendency to assume that others are similar to them; similar to projection

55
Q

Sublimation

A

converting unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially acceptable activities (i.e. an adaptive defence); ego doesn’t have to keep id in check

56
Q

When does the use of defence mechanisms become problematic?

A

when it inhibits the ability to be productive or limits the ability to maintain relationships

57
Q

Which defence mechanisms are necessary for narcissists to maintain their sense of superiority?

A

projection and reaction formation

58
Q

Which defence mechanism is the only one Freud talked about positively?

A

sublimation

59
Q

Anxiety according to Jung

A

it propels us to make meaning and purpose (e.g. through religion, spirituality, symbolism), which then help us manage the anxiety

60
Q

One way to successfully manage threats and anxiety

A

meaning-focused coping

61
Q

Freud’s theory of psychosexual development

A

children pass through a series of developmental stages, each corresponding to an increasingly mature expression of libido, wherein they must face or resolve specific events or conflicts (i.e. seek sexual gratification)

62
Q

What results in a fixation in a particular psychosexual stage?

A

frustration and over-indulgence (which define adult personality)

63
Q

4 psychosexual stages (and their durations)

A

oral (birth to 18 months), anal (18 months to 3 years), phallic (3 to 5 years), latency (6 to puberty), genital (puberty and onwards)

64
Q

Key conflict and goal in oral stage

A

weaning from breast or bottle; to gain independence while still trusting parent

65
Q

Effect of neglectful vs overprotective parents in oral stage

A

oral aggressive personality (hostile, sadistic, exploitative); oral receptive personality (needy, co-dependent, masochistic)

66
Q

Key conflict and goal in anal stage

A

toilet-training; to achieve self-control and develop a functioning ego

67
Q

Effect of strict vs liberal parents in anal stage

A

anal retentive personality (stubborn, obsessive, overly tidy); anal expulsive personality (emotional, rebellious, messy)

68
Q

Key conflict in phallic stage

A

unconscious attraction toward opposite-sex parent and hostility toward same-sex parent;

69
Q

Goal in phallic stage

A

to identify with and relate to parents in a healthy, mature way and to internalize their ideals, values, morals (thus developing a superego with conscience and ego-ideal)

70
Q

Oedipal conflict

A

main conflict for boys in the phallic stage; unconscious wish to have his mother all to himself by eliminating the father

71
Q

Castration anxiety

A

boy’s fear that his father will take away his genitals, which drives him to surrender his sexual desire for his mother

72
Q

Identification

A

process of a boy wanting to become like his father, which marks the beginning of the superego, male gender role, and resolution of the Oedipal conflict and phallic stage

73
Q

Penis envy or electra complex

A

counterpart of castration anxiety; a girl’s simultaneous desire for her father and envy for his penis

74
Q

Effect of fixation in phallic stage

A

phallic personality (self-assured, vain, impulsive, narcissistic)

75
Q

When does narcissism occur according to Freud?

A

when an individual’s libido energy becomes invested in the ego-ideal or aspects of the self due to lack of parental love and identification, and failure to direct libido healthily

76
Q

Effect of narcissism on ego-ideal

A

it becomes inflated or grandiose and destructive because it contains immature and unattainable images of perfection and omnipotence

77
Q

Latency stage

A

a period of psychological rest wherein a child is going to school, learning skills and abilities required to take on the role of an adult

78
Q

Genital psychosexual stage

A

libido is outwardly directed toward other adults in a healthy manner; only reached if previous conflicts are resolved

79
Q

Genital personality

A

well-adjusted, mature, able to love/be loved

80
Q

Individuation (Jung)

A

the process of integrating the conscious and unconscious (personal and collective) through self-awareness, introspection, and confronting the shadow

81
Q

The self according to Jung

A

the unified conscious and unconscious, which results in the expression of our true character or whole personality

82
Q

Importance of self-awareness

A

key factor in maturation and growth as confronting repressed or suppressed conflicts is necessary for well-being

PSYC 305 (10 decks)

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