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Micro > L9: Catabolism and Energy Release II > Flashcards

L9: Catabolism and Energy Release II Flashcards

1
Q

What’s an example of a bacterium that can “breath” metals?

A

Shewanella

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2
Q

What does a microbial fuel cell capture to generate electricity?

A

extracellular electrons

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3
Q

What conditions can force microbes into moving electrons extracellularly?

A

anoxic environment (low O2)

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4
Q

What are mud watts?

A

microbial fuel cells that harness the electrogenic potential of soil microbes to produce electrical power

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5
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

organic e- donor -> fermentation -> ?

A

endogenous organic electron acceptor

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6
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

organic e- donor -> aerobic respiration -> ?

A

O2

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7
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

organic e- donor -> anaerobic respiration -> ?

A

CO2
NO3 -
fumarate
SO4 2-

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8
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

inorganic e- donor -> chemolithotrophy -> ?

A

O2
NO3 -
SO4 2-

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9
Q

What is denitrification?

A

form of anaerobic respiration where nitrate (NO3 -) is the terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to N2
process of nitrogen fixation

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10
Q

What effect does denitrification have on farming and what can be done?

A

depletes amount of N in soil, which lowers crop yield

combated with tilling

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11
Q

What species is able to perform denitrification?

A

Paracoccus denitrificans

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12
Q

What species is able to use nitrate as e- acceptor, as long as it is first reduced to nitrite?

A

Escherichia coli

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13
Q

What is the basis of the nitrite strip test?

A

Since E. coli can use nitrate as e- acceptor once nitrate is reduce to nitrite, the nitrite strip test can be used as a diagnostic test for UTIs, since E. coli is often the cause of UTIs

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14
Q

What is fermentation?

A

completion of catabolism without the electron transport system and a terminal electron acceptor

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15
Q

What is generated by fermentation?

A

fermentation products like lactic acid and ethanol
NAD+
ATP by SLP

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16
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

Where are hydrogens transferred during fermentation?

A

from NADH onto pyruvate

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18
Q

What process pairs with fermentation? Why?

A

glycolysis

the reduction of NAD during glycolysis balances the oxidation of NADH in fermentation

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19
Q

What are some food items produced through fermentation?

A

cheese, yogurt, chocolate, alcohol

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20
Q

What are some major fermentations used?

A

lactic, propionic, and ethanolic

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21
Q

What are examples of oxygenic organisms?

A

Higher plants
Multicellular green, brown, and red algae
Cyanobacteria

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22
Q

What are oxygenic organisms?

A

organisms that oxidize H2O for electrons, form oxygen

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23
Q

Where does most of earth’s photosynthetic production come from?

A

microbes like Cyanobacteria

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24
Q

What are anoxygenic organisms?

A

organisms that get electrons from other sources

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25
What part of photosynthesis "traps light"
light reactions
26
How can Mannitol Salt Agar and fermentation be used to identify species?
Staphylococcus aureus ferment mannitol and will turn yellow | Staphylococcus epidermidis does not, and will be pink
27
Describe the species that oxidizes H2S to H2SO4
``` Domain: Archaea Genus: Sulfolobus Habitat: Volcanic springs Thermoacidophile Chemolithotroph ```
28
Electrons often come from the catabolism of ______ such as ____
organic molecules such as glucose
29
What types of microbes acquire electrons from the oxidation of inorganic sources?
chemolithotrophs
30
What are examples of sources of electrons for chemolithotrophs?
H2, NO2, Fe2+
31
In chemolithotrophs, e- are transferred to _____ by _____, and a ____ and ____ are generated
terminal acceptors by ETC and a PMF and ATP are generated
32
Why does iron oxidation yield little energy?
the electrons they start with (Fe) are right above oxygen on the ladder
33
What species generates insoluble ferric hydroxide that is toxic to aquatic life?
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
34
What two genera work together to remove ammonia in wastewater and fish tanks?
nitrosomonas | nitrobacter
35
What do nitrosomonas do?
ammonia to nitrite
36
What do nitrobacter do?
nitrite to nitrate
37
What is nitrification often followed by?
denitrification
38
What is nitrification?
the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
39
What is mother dirt?
probiotic skin spray that is made up of Nitrosomonas | unknown benefits
40
What part of photosynthesis reduces CO2?
dark reactions
41
Phototrophs
use light as energy source
42
Autotrophs
use CO2 as C source
43
Most phototrophs are ____
autotrophs
44
What are chlorophylls?
major light-absorbing pigments in eukaryotes and cyanobacteria
45
What are bacteriochlorophylls
major light-absorbing pigments in purple and green bacteria
46
What's the difference between chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls?
chlorophylls perform oxygenic photosynthesis and bacteriochlorophylls perform anoxygenic photosynthesis
47
What are examples of accessory pigments in photosynthetic microbes?
carotenoids | phycobiliproteins
48
What do accessory pigments do in photosynthetic microbes?
transfer light energy to chlorophylls absorb different wavelengths than chlorophylls quench toxic forms of oxygen
49
What are examples of toxic forms of oxygen that accessory pigments quench?
photoprotectants | antioxidants
50
What are carotenoids commonly found in?
carrots
51
What are phycobiliproteins commonly found in?
tomatoes
52
Where are photosystems?
thylakoid membranes
53
What are photosystems?
light-harvesting arrays made up of chlorophylls and accessory pigments
54
Describe the movement of light through photosystems and reaction centers
light energy absorbed by photosystem energy transferred to reaction center chlorophyll chlorophyll electrons are excited and are passed to the first acceptor in ETC
55
Where do light reactions take place in plants and cyanobacteria?
thylakoids
56
What do light reactions need in plants and cyanobacteria?
chlorophyll
57
What photosystem(s) are used for light reactions in plants and cyanobacteria?
PSI and II
58
Are light reactions in plants and cyanobacteria oxygenic or anoxygenic? why?
oxygenic because the process generates oxygen by splitting water
59
What types of reactions occur during light reactions in plants and cyanobacteria?
cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation
60
What photosystem does cyclic photophosphorylation use?
PS1
61
What photosystem does noncyclic photophosphorylation use?
PSI and II
62
What type of photophosphorylation produces ATP and NADPH?
noncyclic
63
Where do the electrons in cyclic photophosphorylation end up?
back on the chlorophyll
64
Where do the electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation end up?
used to generate NADPH
65
What role does PSII play in noncyclic photophosphorylation?
replenishes electrons by splitting water
66
Where do light reactions take place in green and purple bacteria?
plasma membrane
67
What do light reactions need in green and purple bacteria?
bacteriochlorophyll
68
What photosystem(s) are used for light reactions in green and purple bacteria?
just PSI
69
What types of reactions occur during light reactions in green and purple bacteria?
just cyclic photophosphorylation (no NADPH generated)
70
Are light reactions in green and purple bacteria oxygenic or anoxygenic? why?
anoxygenic because they use H2, H2S, or organic matter as electron donors, water is not split, and oxygen is not generated
71
Can Archaea be photosynthetic?
yes (some are)
72
What is different about photosynthesis in Archaea?
use a pigment protein called Rhodopsin instead of chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll
73
Where is Rhodopsin found?
in plasma membrane
74
Describe the structure of Rhodopsin?
7 transmembrane helices
75
What enables vision in low light in human retinas?
Rhodopsin
76
How does Rhodopsin work?
absorbs light, causing a conformational change that pumps protons out basically it functions as a light driven proton pump

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