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Micro > L8: Catabolism > Flashcards

L8: Catabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes transfer energy by moving electrons from:

A

Reduced food molecules >
Diffusible carriers in cytoplasm >
Membrane-bound carriers
Oxygen, metals, or oxidized forms of N and S

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2
Q

What are the two metabolic groups involved in the carbon cycle?

A

heterotrophs

autotrophs

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3
Q

What source of electrons is unique to a few bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)

A

inorganic molecules

lithotrophs

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4
Q

What are the two ways organotrophs obtain ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Describe the general processing of organic molecules as energy sources

A

many different energy sources are funneled into common degradative pathways
most pathways generate glucose or intermediates of the pathways used in glucose metabolism

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6
Q

What are the two functions of organic energy sources?

A

they are oxidized to release energy

they provide building blocks for anabolism

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7
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce? How?

A

ATP is produced indirectly via electron transport

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8
Q

What are the three paths of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolytic pathways (glycolysis)
TCA cycle
Electron transport chain with oxygen as final electron acceptor

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9
Q

What are the 3 paths of the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate?

A

Embden-Meyerhof (glycolysis)
Pentose phosphate
Entner-Duodoroff

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10
Q

Glycolysis is a(n) ____ pathway

A

amphibolic

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11
Q

What are the two main stages of glycolysis?

A

6C and 3C

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12
Q

What is the net yield of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

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13
Q

What happens during the 6C stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is phosphorylated twice, generating fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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14
Q

What happens during the 3C stage of glycolysis?

A

fructose 1,6-biphosphate splits into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P, then converted to pyruvate

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15
Q

What are the two key reactions of glycolysis?

A

oxidations -> NADH

substrate-level phosphorylations -> ATP

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16
Q

How is NADH generated during glycolysis?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated, which generates a high-energy P bond
NAD+ is reduced to NADH

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17
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces NADH during glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase

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18
Q

How is ATP generated during glycolysis?

A

High-energy metabolic substrate from the reaction that produced NADH phosphorylates ADP, generating ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

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19
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces ATP during glycolysis?

A

3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) kinase

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20
Q

What type of reaction is the last reaction of glycolysis?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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21
Q

What are two other pathways for glucose breakdown besides glycolysis?

A

Pentose phosphate

Entner-Doudoroff

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22
Q

What does pentose phosphate do?

A

pathway that generates many sugars for biosynthesis

yields 6 NADPH (which is the reducing power for biosynthesis) and 1 ATP

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23
Q

What does Entner-Doudoroff do?

A

pathway that combines reactions of glycolysis and pentose phosphate
yields 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH

24
Q

What are other names for the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

Citric acid cycle

25
What happens during the Kreb's cycle?
pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2
26
Where does the Kreb's cycle take place?
Mitochondria (eukaryote) | cytoplasm (prokaryote)
27
What is generated by the Kreb's cycle?
CO2 numerous NADH and FADH2 precursor for biosynthesis
28
What is FADH2?
diffusible e- carrier
29
Acetyl CoA has a ______ bond
high energy thioester
30
Pyruvate is first oxidized to what during the TCA cycle
CO2 and Acetyl CoA
31
During the second step of the TCA cycle, Acetyl CoA is _____ with ______ forming ______
condensed with oxaloacetate forming citrate
32
What happens after Acetyl CoA is condensed in the TCA cycle?
a series of oxidation and decarboxylation reactions that produce NADH and CO2
33
What molecule is left after all the oxidation and decarboxylation reactions during the Kreb's cycle?
Succinyl CoA
34
What is produced via substrate level phosphorylation of Succinyl CoA?
guanosine triphosphate | succinate
35
What happens to succinate in the Kreb's cycle?
oxidation reactions form NADH and FADH2, and the cycle resets at citrate
36
What are the 3 phases of the Kreb's cycle?
6 carbons 5 carbons 4 carbons
37
What molecule is introduced to bring the 4 carbon product of the TCA cycle back to 6C citrate?
Acetyl-CoA
38
What generates more ATP- oxidation of glucose or electron transport chains?
electron transport chains
39
Where do the electrons of NADH and FADH2 come from?
oxidation of organic substrates during glycolysis and the TCA cycle
40
What transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to the final terminal electron acceptor?
a series of membrane bound electron carriers
41
Electrons flow from carriers with more ____ E0 to more _____ E0
negative to positive
42
What's released as electrons move through the electron transport chain?
energy that is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
43
What's generated per 1 NADH using O2 as terminal electron acceptor?
3 ATPs
44
Where are electron transport chains?
``` mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes) plasma membrane (prokaryotes) ```
45
What are two electron carriers?
cytochromes and quinones
46
What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
energy released during e- transport is used to establish the proton gradient and charge difference across membranes Proton motive force
47
PMF
proton motive force
48
What drives ATP synthesis in ETC?
proton motive force
49
How does PMF drive ATP synthesis?
e- flow causes protons to move outward across membranes, ATP is made when they move back in
50
What enzyme uses proton movement to catalyze ATP synthesis?
ATP synthase
51
ETC
electron transport chain
52
What generates the proton motive force?
electron transport chain
53
What are the subunits of bacterial ATP synthase?
F0 and F1
54
Describe the Fo subunit of ATP synthase
ring of C subunits that rotate in the plasma membrane the proton channel
55
Describe the F1 subunit of ATP synthase
alpha, beta, and gamma subunits gamma shaft rotates conformational changes in alpha and beta sphere drives ATP synthesis
56
Why does anaerobic respiration produce less ATP than aerobic respiration?
the alternative electron acceptors (like NO3 -) have less positive reduction potentials than O2

Micro (15 decks)

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