L10: Photosynthesis, Anabolism, and Genetics Flashcards
What is anabolism?
synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy
What does anabolism use?
ATP and reducing power (often in the form of NADPH)
What cell constituent requires the most molecules of ATP for synthesis?
proteins
What is the Calvin cycle?
anabolic pathway for fixing CO2 into carbohydrate
What is another name for the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Calvin cycle
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
Chloroplasts (plants)
Cytoplasm (bacteria)
Why is the Calvin cycle crucial to life?
provides organic matter for heterotrophs
What does the Calvin cycle use as carbon sources?
reduced organic molecules
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
Carboxylation phase
Reduction phase
Regeneration phase
What happens in the carboxylation phase of the Calvin cycle?
Rubisco converts ribulose to 3-phosphoglycerate
Requires CO2 and H2O
Where does carboxylation occur?
carboxysomes
What happens in the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?
3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Requires ATP and NADPH
What happens in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle?
numerous carbohydrates are produced
ATP is required
The Reductive TCA cycle is the reverse of the ___
Krebs cycle
What does the Reductive TCA cycle do?
Generates Acetyl-CoA, which allows cells to generate biomolecules
Fixes CO2
Requires 2 ATP
What is gluconeogenesis?
glucose synthesis
What do humans use to maintain blood glucose levels?
gluconeogenesis
What does gluconeogenesis require?
ATP
GTP
6 enzymes (4 unique to gluconeogenesis)
What are the 4 enzymes unique to gluconeogenesis?
glucose-6-phosphotase
fructose bisphophatase
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
pyruvate carboxylase
What are the 3 processes of genetic information flow?
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
What are capsules made up of?
exopolysaccharides
Describe Griffith’s Transformation Experiments that proved DNA as genetic material
Two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were used: S (smooth, with capsule) and R (rough, without capsule)
When Live S strain was injected, mouse died.
When Live R strain was injected, mouse lived.
When Heat-killed S strain was injected, mouse lived.
When Heat-killed S strain and R strain were injected mouse died.
Conclusion: Heat-killed S strains release their genetic material that would become encorporated into R strain, and allow the R strain to make the polysaccharide capsule
What is the promoter on an operon?
area where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription
What is the operator on an operon?
area where repressor proteins bind to block transcription
