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Micro > L7: Extremophiles and Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

L7: Extremophiles and Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 environmental factors that influence microbial growth?

A

Oxygen concentration
Temperature
Solutes and water activity
pH

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2
Q

What kind of solutes decrease the availability of water to microbes?

A

salts and sugars

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3
Q

Lower water activity is proportional to what?

A

higher solute concentration (hypertonic)

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4
Q

What’s an example of a hypotonic environment?

A

fresh water lake or stream

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5
Q

What’s an example of a hypertonic environment?

A

Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, peanut butter

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6
Q

What’s special about the Berkeley Pit?

A

pH of 2

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7
Q

What’s special about the microbe from the Berkeley Pit?

A

It has the ability to kill ovarian cancer cells

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8
Q

What two things does metabolism need?

A

flow of energy (capacity to do work) and participation of enzymes

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9
Q

What is the energy currency of cells?

A

ATP

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10
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A

3 phosphate groups, a ribose, and an adenine (adenosine = ribose + adenine)

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11
Q

What results from the removal of a phosphate group of ATP?

A

large negative standard free energy change

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12
Q

What are 4 energy generating systems?

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Photosynthesis

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13
Q

How is ATP made during photosynthesis?

A

photophosphorylation

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14
Q

What does ∆G for a reaction determine?

A

how much energy is available to do work

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15
Q

What can be used to predict the direction of a reaction?

A

∆G

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16
Q

What’s the equilibrium constant formula?

A

Key = [products] / [reactants]

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17
Q

What units is ∆Gº’ expressed in?

A

kcal or kjoules/mol

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18
Q

How is Keq related to ∆G?

A

∆Gº’ = -2.303 RT logKeq

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19
Q

What’s favored when Keq > 1?

A

products

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20
Q

What’s favored when Keq < 1?

A

reactants

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21
Q

What’s the change in energy when Keq < 1?

A

energy is absorbed

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22
Q

What’s the change in energy when Keq > 1?

A

energy is released

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23
Q

What types of reactions are often coupled?

A

endergonic

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24
Q

What exergonic reaction often drives endergonic reactions?

A

ATP breakdown

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25
What can result from redox reactions?
energy release, that can be used to form ATP
26
In a redox reaction, the substance oxidized is the ____ and the substance reduced is the ____
donor, acceptor
27
Redox reactions often involve not just the transfer of electrons but ______
both an electron + proton (H atom)
28
What gets reduced in the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase?
NAD+
29
What gets oxidized in the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase?
malate
30
How do enzymes lower the energy of activation?
increase the local concentration of substrates | orient substrates properly for rxn to proceed
31
Negative reduction potential relates to a better ____ | Positive reduction potential relates to a better ____
donor | acceptor
32
Couples with more ___ Eo will donate electrons to couples with more ____ Eo
negative | positive
33
On the electron tower, the ____ the difference, the more negative the ∆Gº'
greater
34
On the electron tower, the better electron donors are ____
higher (more negative)
35
On the electron tower, the better electron acceptors are ____
lower (more positive)
36
What are the 2 classes of electron carriers?
freely diffusible and membrane-bound
37
What are some examples of freely diffusible electron carriers?
NADP+ and NAD+
38
What are the "Reducing Power" of the cell?
NADH and NADPH (reduced forms of NADP+ and NAD+)
39
What are some examples of membrane-bound electron carriers?
Flavoproteins, cytochromes, quinones
40
How do electron transport systems work?
freely diffusible and membrane bound carriers function together to move e- from donors to acceptors
41
How do halophiles live in high salt environments?
they are able to synthesize or obtain compatible solutes, which can be kept at high intracellular concentrations without interfering with metabolism and growth
42
What type of microbe requires high levels of sodium chloride to grow?
halophile
43
What type of microbe are able to grow over wide ranges of water activity or osmotic concentrations?
osmotolerant
44
What type of microbe grows best at low water activity?
xerophile
45
What type of microbe grows best between pH of 0-5.5?
acidophile
46
What type of microbe grows best between pH of 5.5-8?
neutrophile
47
What type of microbe grows best between pH of 8-11.5?
alkaliphile
48
What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp below 15ºC
psychrophile
49
What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 20-30ºC?
psychrotolerant
50
What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 20-45ºC?
mesophile
51
What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 55-65ºC?
thermophile
52
What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 85 and 113ºC?
hyperthermophile
53
Where do chemoorganotrophs get their energy from?
organic molecules
54
Where do chemolithotrophs get their energy from?
inorganic molecules
55
Where do phototrophs get their energy from?
light
56
Where do autotrophs get their carbon from?
CO2
57
Where do heterotrophs get their carbon from?
organic molecules
58
Where do organotrophs get their electrons from?
organic molecules
59
Where do lithotrophs get their electrons from?
inorganic molecules
60
What are the categories of organisms that describe the energy source?
chemoorganotrophs chemolithotrophs phototrophs
61
What are the categories of organisms that describe the carbon source?
autotrophs | heterotrophs
62
What are the categories of organisms that describe the electron source?
organotroph | lithotroph
63
Photolithoautotroph C source? Energy source? Electron source?
CO2 light inorganic e- donor
64
Chemoorganoheterotroph C source? Energy source? Electron source?
organic carbon organic chemicals organic e- donor (often all the same)

Micro (15 decks)

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