Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro > L7: Extremophiles and Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

L7: Extremophiles and Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 environmental factors that influence microbial growth?

A

Oxygen concentration
Temperature
Solutes and water activity
pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of solutes decrease the availability of water to microbes?

A

salts and sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lower water activity is proportional to what?

A

higher solute concentration (hypertonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s an example of a hypotonic environment?

A

fresh water lake or stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s an example of a hypertonic environment?

A

Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, peanut butter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s special about the Berkeley Pit?

A

pH of 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s special about the microbe from the Berkeley Pit?

A

It has the ability to kill ovarian cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What two things does metabolism need?

A

flow of energy (capacity to do work) and participation of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the energy currency of cells?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A

3 phosphate groups, a ribose, and an adenine (adenosine = ribose + adenine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What results from the removal of a phosphate group of ATP?

A

large negative standard free energy change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 4 energy generating systems?

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is ATP made during photosynthesis?

A

photophosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does ∆G for a reaction determine?

A

how much energy is available to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can be used to predict the direction of a reaction?

A

∆G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the equilibrium constant formula?

A

Key = [products] / [reactants]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What units is ∆Gº’ expressed in?

A

kcal or kjoules/mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is Keq related to ∆G?

A

∆Gº’ = -2.303 RT logKeq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s favored when Keq > 1?

A

products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s favored when Keq < 1?

A

reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the change in energy when Keq < 1?

A

energy is absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s the change in energy when Keq > 1?

A

energy is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What types of reactions are often coupled?

A

endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What exergonic reaction often drives endergonic reactions?

A

ATP breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can result from redox reactions?

A

energy release, that can be used to form ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In a redox reaction, the substance oxidized is the ____ and the substance reduced is the ____

A

donor, acceptor

27
Q

Redox reactions often involve not just the transfer of electrons but ______

A

both an electron + proton (H atom)

28
Q

What gets reduced in the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase?

A

NAD+

29
Q

What gets oxidized in the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase?

A

malate

30
Q

How do enzymes lower the energy of activation?

A

increase the local concentration of substrates

orient substrates properly for rxn to proceed

31
Q

Negative reduction potential relates to a better ____

Positive reduction potential relates to a better ____

A

donor

acceptor

32
Q

Couples with more ___ Eo will donate electrons to couples with more ____ Eo

A

negative

positive

33
Q

On the electron tower, the ____ the difference, the more negative the ∆Gº’

A

greater

34
Q

On the electron tower, the better electron donors are ____

A

higher (more negative)

35
Q

On the electron tower, the better electron acceptors are ____

A

lower (more positive)

36
Q

What are the 2 classes of electron carriers?

A

freely diffusible and membrane-bound

37
Q

What are some examples of freely diffusible electron carriers?

A

NADP+ and NAD+

38
Q

What are the “Reducing Power” of the cell?

A

NADH and NADPH (reduced forms of NADP+ and NAD+)

39
Q

What are some examples of membrane-bound electron carriers?

A

Flavoproteins, cytochromes, quinones

40
Q

How do electron transport systems work?

A

freely diffusible and membrane bound carriers function together to move e- from donors to acceptors

41
Q

How do halophiles live in high salt environments?

A

they are able to synthesize or obtain compatible solutes, which can be kept at high intracellular concentrations without interfering with metabolism and growth

42
Q

What type of microbe requires high levels of sodium chloride to grow?

A

halophile

43
Q

What type of microbe are able to grow over wide ranges of water activity or osmotic concentrations?

A

osmotolerant

44
Q

What type of microbe grows best at low water activity?

A

xerophile

45
Q

What type of microbe grows best between pH of 0-5.5?

A

acidophile

46
Q

What type of microbe grows best between pH of 5.5-8?

A

neutrophile

47
Q

What type of microbe grows best between pH of 8-11.5?

A

alkaliphile

48
Q

What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp below 15ºC

A

psychrophile

49
Q

What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 20-30ºC?

A

psychrotolerant

50
Q

What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 20-45ºC?

A

mesophile

51
Q

What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 55-65ºC?

A

thermophile

52
Q

What type of microbe has an optimal growth temp between 85 and 113ºC?

A

hyperthermophile

53
Q

Where do chemoorganotrophs get their energy from?

A

organic molecules

54
Q

Where do chemolithotrophs get their energy from?

A

inorganic molecules

55
Q

Where do phototrophs get their energy from?

A

light

56
Q

Where do autotrophs get their carbon from?

A

CO2

57
Q

Where do heterotrophs get their carbon from?

A

organic molecules

58
Q

Where do organotrophs get their electrons from?

A

organic molecules

59
Q

Where do lithotrophs get their electrons from?

A

inorganic molecules

60
Q

What are the categories of organisms that describe the energy source?

A

chemoorganotrophs
chemolithotrophs
phototrophs

61
Q

What are the categories of organisms that describe the carbon source?

A

autotrophs

heterotrophs

62
Q

What are the categories of organisms that describe the electron source?

A

organotroph

lithotroph

63
Q

Photolithoautotroph
C source?
Energy source?
Electron source?

A

CO2
light
inorganic e- donor

64
Q

Chemoorganoheterotroph
C source?
Energy source?
Electron source?

A

organic carbon
organic chemicals
organic e- donor
(often all the same)

Micro (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions