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Micro > L2/3: Microbial Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

L2/3: Microbial Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells are Bacteria?

A

prokaryotic

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2
Q

What type of habitats do bacteria exist in?

A

terristrial and aquatic

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3
Q

How do Bacteria reproduce?

A

asexual (binary fission)

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4
Q

What’s the size range of Bacteria?

A

0.3 µm to 100 µm

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5
Q

What is the average size of Escherichia coli?

A

4 µm

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6
Q

What is the average size of Thiomargarita?

A

> 100 µm

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7
Q

What is the shape of coccus cells?

A

round/ sphere

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8
Q

What are pairs of coccus called?

A

diplococcus

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9
Q

What are chains of coccus called?

A

streptococcus

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10
Q

What are grape-like clusters of coccus called?

A

staphylococcus

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11
Q

What are 4 cocci in a square called?

A

tetrads

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12
Q

What is the shape of bacillus cells?

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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13
Q

What are curved rods called?

A

vibrio

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14
Q

What are rigid helix cells called?

A

spirillum

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15
Q

What are flexible helix cells called?

A

spirochete

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16
Q

What are cells with variable shapes called?

A

pleomorphic

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17
Q

What are hyphae?

A

long filaments that can grow on bacteria and fungi

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18
Q

What is a network of hyphae called?

A

mycelium

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19
Q

What’s the advantage of being small for cells?

A

higher surface to volume ration (S/V) which allows for more efficient nutrient uptake and faster growth

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20
Q

What are the main functions of the plasma membrane in bacteria?

A

selectively permeable barrier
nutrient and waste transport
location of many metabolic process (respiration, photosynthesis)
detection of environmental cues (signal transduction systems)

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21
Q

What are the main functions of gas vacuoles in bacteria?

A

provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

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22
Q

What are the main functions of ribosomes in bacteria?

A

protein synthesis (translating mRNA to protein)

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23
Q

What are the main functions of inclusions in bacteria?

A

storage of C, P, and other substance
site of chemical reactions (microcompartments)
movement

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24
Q

What are the main functions of periplasmic space in bacteria?

A

Space between the plasma membrane and peptidoglycan
gram + : typically smaller or absent
gram - : contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake

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25
Q

What are the main functions of the cell wall in bacteria?

A

protection from osmotic stress

helps maintain cell shape

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26
Q

What are the main functions of capsules and slime layers in bacteria?

A

resistance to phagocytosis

adherence to surfaces

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27
Q

What are the main functions of fimbriae and pili in bacteria?

A

attachment to surfaces
bacterial conjugation and transformation
twitching

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28
Q

What are the main functions of flagella in bacteria?

A

swimming and swarming motility

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29
Q

What are the main functions of endospores in bacteria?

A

survival under harsh environmental conditions

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30
Q

What are 3 common features of bacterial cell organization?

A

cell envelope
cytoplasm
external structures

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31
Q

What is the bacterial cell envelope made up of?

A

plasma membrane, cell wall, and layers outside the cell wall

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32
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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33
Q

What stabilizes plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells but is often absent in bacterial plasma membranes?

A

sterols

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34
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

sterol-like molecule in bacteria that stabilizes the plasma membrane (found in petroleum)

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35
Q

Describe the bacterial cell wall

A

rigid, lies just outside the plasma membrane

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36
Q

Gram + stain ____

Gram - stain ____

A

purple

pink

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37
Q

What is an important component of the cell wall that determines if the cell is gram -/+?

A

peptidoglycan

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38
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

polysaccharide formed by 2 alternating sugars (NAG and NAM) and cross-linked by peptides of alternating D- and L- amino acids

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39
Q

What gives strength to peptidoglycan?

A

peptides are cross-linked

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40
Q

What is transpeptidation?

A

reaction forming cross-links between peptides

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41
Q

What antibiotic interrupts transpeptidation?

A

penicillin

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42
Q

What are the 2 types of peptide cross-links?

A

direct and indirect

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43
Q

peptide interbridges are present in what type of cross-links?

A

indirect

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44
Q

How do gram + and gram - cell walls differ?

A

Gram + are thick and have multiple layers of peptidoglycan

Gram - are thinner and have a single layer of peptidoglycan and an additional outer membrane

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45
Q

What makes up gram-positive cell walls

A

primarily peptidoglycan

teichoic acids that provide stability

46
Q

What makes up gram-negative cell walls

A 
thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by outer membrane of:
lipids
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
porins that form channels in outer membrane
47
Q

What are the 3 parts of LPSs

A

lipid A
core polysaccharide
O side chain (O antigen)

48
Q

What is the importance of LPS

A

protection from host defenses
attachment
stability

49
Q

What part of LPS can act as a toxin (endotoxin)

A

lipid A

50
Q

What are possible layers outside the bacterial cell wall?

A

Capsules (organized, not easily removed)
Slime (not organized, easily removed)
S layer (organized)

51
Q

What type of the layer outside the cell wall is a protein?

A

S layer

52
Q

What are the functions of the layer outside the cell wall?

A

attachment

protection from chemicals, harsh environments, bacterial viruses, and host immune responses

53
Q

What is the substance in which inclusions, chromosomes, and ribosomes are suspended in bacteria?

A

cytoplasm

54
Q

What inclusions store carbon?

A

glycogen, PHB granules

55
Q

What inclusion stores phosphate?

A

polyphosphate granules

56
Q

What inclusion stores sulfur?

A

Sulfur globules

57
Q

What inclusions store carbon and nitrogen?

A

cyanophycin granules

58
Q

What’s an example of a phylum that has gas vacuoles

A

Cyanobacteria

59
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A

inclusions that contains iron particles in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4)
help bacteria orient themselves in Earth’s magnetic field

60
Q

What phylum of bacteria has photosynthetic membranes with chlorophyll?

A

Cyanobacteria

61
Q

What are microcompartments?

A

compartments in cytoplasm with specialized functions

62
Q

What do carboxysomes have inside of them?

A

2 enzymes- carbonic anhydrase and RubisCO

63
Q

What is an example of a micro compartment that is often found in Cyanobacteria and other CO2 fixing bacteria?

A

carboxysomes

64
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

converts carbonic acid to CO2

65
Q

What does RubisCO do?

A

adds CO2 to RuBP to form PGA

66
Q

What is the energy source for CO2 fixation?

A

photosynthesis

67
Q

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

68
Q

Where does translation occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

69
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

transcribe DNA to mRNA

70
Q

What two process often occur simultaneously in bacteria and archaea?

A

transcription and translation

71
Q

What is the nucleoid

A

non-membrane enclosed region in bacteria containing the chromosome

72
Q

Where are plasmids found?

A

cytoplasm of bacteria

73
Q

What are plasmids?

A

small, closed circular DNA that replicate independently of chromosome

74
Q

What are conjugative plasmids?

A

plasmid that can transfer from one bacteria to another through conjugation

75
Q

What are R plasmids?

A

plasmids that encode resistance

76
Q

What are the general functions of the external structures of bacteria?

A

attachment
horizontal gene transfer
movement

77
Q

What are pili?

A

thin, protein appendages that help with attachment

78
Q

What are sex pili used for?

A

conjugation
allow for transferring of genetic information
form of horizontal gene transfer

79
Q

What are Type IV pili used for?

A

twitching motility (cycles of extension, attachment, and retraction)

80
Q

What are monotrichous bacteria?

A

one flagellum

81
Q

What are polar flagellum?

A

flagellum at end of cell

82
Q

What are amphitrichous bacteria?

A

one flagellum at each end of cell

83
Q

What are lophotrichous bacteria?

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

84
Q

What are peritrichous bacteria?

A

flagella spread over entire surface of cell

85
Q

What is an example of a bacteria species that is peritrichous?

A

E. coli

86
Q

What are the 3 components of a flagellum?

A

filament, hook, and basal body

87
Q

What makes up the filament of flagellum

A

many copies of a protein called flagellin

88
Q

What is the part of the flagellum that sticks out the end and rotates?

A

filament

89
Q

What is the middle part of the flagellum that is slightly flexible?

A

hook

90
Q

What is the bottom of the flagellum called that acts as the “engine”?

A

basal body

91
Q

CCW rotation of the flagellum causes what kind of motion?

A

forward (run)

92
Q

CW rotation of the flagellum causes what type of motion?

A

disrupts run, causing it to stop and tumble

93
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

sensory system that enable microbes to move toward or away from specific chemicals- requires coordination of flagellum movement

94
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

receptors that are part of chemotaxis, are in the membrane, and that sense and respond to different attractants and repellants

95
Q

What is random walk?

A

combination of runs and tumbles of flagella movement that occurs when there is no attractant

96
Q

What is biased random walk?

A

combination of runs and tumbles that propels bacteria up gradient of attractant
occurs when chemoreceptors detect attractant

97
Q

What type of cells are Archae?

A

prokaryotic

98
Q

What type of reproduction are Archaea capable of?

A

asexual

99
Q

What environments are archaea found in?

A

terrestrial and aquatic (also human skin and gut)

100
Q

What type of genetic material do archaea have?

A

circular dsDNA chromosomes and plasmids

101
Q

What unit is used to measure the size of Archae?

A

µm

102
Q 
Do Archaea have:
plasma membranes?
cell walls?
peptidoglycan?
S layers?
Slime layers?
Capsules?
Flagella?
A 
yes
some
no
some
some
some
some
103
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Archaea that produce methane

104
Q

What is methanogenesis?

A

biological production of methane (unique to Archaea)

105
Q

Extremophiles are in what domain of life?

A

Archaea

106
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

extremophiles that grow between 45 and 85C

107
Q

What are hyperthermophiles?

A

extremophiles that grow between 85 and 113C

108
Q

What type of Archaea live in high salt environments?

A

Haloquadratum

109
Q

What do Archaeal membranes provide?

A

enhanced stability for survival and growth at high temperatures

110
Q

What are 2 ways lipids in Archaeal membranes differ from Bacterial and eukaryotic lipids?

A
  1. contain hydrocarbons derived from isoprene (5C, branched molecules) which changes how they are branched and allows them to be more fluid
  2. hydrocarbons are attached to glycerol by ether links instead of ester links, which are more resistant to chemical attack and heat
111
Q

What’s something Archaea lipid membranes can do that Bacterial and eukaryotic lipid membranes can’t do?

A

form a monolayer or a bilayer

Micro (15 decks)

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