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L4: Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vaccine for HPV called?

A

Gardasil

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2
Q

What virus is a major cause of cervical cancer and warts

A

Human Papilloma Virus

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3
Q

Why aren’t viruses living?

A

they depend on host metabolism and need to infect living cells to replicate

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4
Q

Define virus

A

obligate, intracellular parasites

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5
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

protein and nucleic acid

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6
Q

What measurement is used to measure viruses?

A

nm

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7
Q

How many genes do Parvoviruses have?

A

3

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8
Q

How many genes do Mimiviruses have?

A

900

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9
Q

What is a virion?

A

complete virus particle

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10
Q

What is a capsid?

A

protein coat around genome of a virus

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11
Q

What is a nucleocapsid?

A

the capsid and nucleic acid of a virus

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12
Q

What is a protomer?

A

protein subunit of capsid

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13
Q

What is a virus called when it has more than one morphological type?

A

binal

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14
Q

What is a virus with an envelope called?

A

enveloped

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15
Q

long tube-like virus is called what?

A

helical

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16
Q

gemstone-like virus is called what?

A

icosahedral

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17
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type icosahedral?

A

Polyomavirus

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18
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type helical?

A

Tubulovirus

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19
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type binal?

A

T-even coliphage

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20
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type enveloped?

A

Herpesvirus

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21
Q

What are helical capsids?

A

Hollow tubes with protein walls

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22
Q

What’s an example of a virus with Helical Capsids

A

Influenza

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23
Q

How many faces does an icosahedral capsids?

A

20 triangular faces

24
Q

What’s a capsomer?

A

ring-shaped units, made up of 5 or 6 protomers

25
What type of virus infects bacterial cells, often resulting in cell lysis
bacteriophages
26
What is the name of the bacterial defense mechanism to prevent phage attack
CRISPR/Cas
27
Where does the envelope around a virus come from?
host cell membrane
28
Where are tegument proteins found?
between the envelope and capsid
29
What is on the viral envelope that is encoded by the virus?
protein spikes
30
What is HIV?
the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
31
How does HIV work?
the viral spike protein gp120 binds host cell CD4 receptor and CCR5 co-receptor
32
What does the hemagglutinin spike on the influenza virus do?
bind to host silica acid
33
What does the neuraminidase spike on the influenza virus do?
cleave host lipids and proteins to release virus
34
What does the RNA replicase of the influenza virus do?
copies the genome
35
What kind of genome does the influenza virus have?
segmented RNA
36
Viral genomes encode ____
viral proteins
37
What are the key defining properties used to classify viruses?
nucleic acid type capsid symmetry presence/absence of envelope
38
What are the steps to the viral multiplication/infectious cycle
1. attachment to host cell 2. entry and uncoating 3. synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids 4. assembly of capsids 5. release of virions
39
What happens during animal virus attachment
viral surface proteins meidate attachment to host receptors such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
40
What are the two ways viruses can enter a cell
enveloped virus fuses with plasma membrane | non-enveloped virus enter by endocytosis (enter and become surrounded by part of the host membrane)
41
What happens once the virus has entered the host cell
viral genome is replicated and viral mRNA is made (transcription) and used to make viral proteins (translation)
42
What is the primary factor in determining the life cycle of an animal virus?
the form of its genome
43
Where do DNA viruses typically replicate?
nucleus
44
Where do RNA viruses typically replicate?
cytoplasm
45
What type of virus needs host DNA polymerase?
DNA viruses
46
What do RNA viruses use to replicate?
viral RNA replicases
47
What are the 4 types of RNA viruses
double-stranded RNA positive-sense single stranded RNA negative-sense single stranded RNA retrovirus
48
What is the difference between +ssRNA and -ssRNA
+: genomes act directly as mRNA; upon entry, host ribosomes can immediately translate viral +RNA into protein -: genomes cannot act directly as mRNA; virus must carry an RNA replicase in its capsid so that upon entry, replicase can make +RNA from the -RNA genome which can then be translated into protein
49
What are 2 examples of +ssRNA viruses?
polio and zika
50
What are 2 examples of -ssRNA viruses?
influenza and rabies
51
What is provirus?
DNA copy of retroviral RNA that becomes integrated into host chromosome
52
What's an example of a retrovirus?
HIV
53
How do retroviruses replicate their genome?
they use Reverse Transcriptase to copy RNA into DNA which then integrates into host chromosome and becomes a provirus
54
How do animal viruses synthesize proteins?
translation in the cytoplasm using host ribosomes
55
What happens after virus synthesis?
capsid and genome assemble in the cytoplasm or nucleus, spike proteins in the envelope insert into the membrane
56
What is latency?
when a virus stops reproducing and sits in a dormant state in host cells
57
What are the two forms of animal virus release?
lysis or budding

Micro (15 decks)

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