L9 Flashcards
The major features of the lungs include the ….
bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli.
Opisz po kolei generację od ust do pęch. płucnych
- Nasal cavity / Mouth
- Trachea (generation 1)
- Bronchi (3-4,5-11)
- Bronchioles (12-16)
- Respiratory Bronchioles (17-19)
- Alveoli (23)
Ile jest branches, alveoli i jaka jest surface area?
~17 million branches,
~300 million alveoli and
60- 80m2 surface area.
Przypomnienie inspiration
• Muscles used:
Diaphragm
External intercostal
• Thoracic volume increases
Przypomnienie expiration
• Passive at rest
• Muscles used during exercise
Internal intercostal
Abdominal
As the chest expands alveolar and intrapleural pressures ….
fall
Intrapleural pressures rises and the volume of the lung ….
decreases
compliance -
lung compliance -
The change in the volume of the chest that results from a given change in intrapleural
pressure.
Lung compliance is a measure of the ease with which the lungs can be inflated:
Compliance (C) = Change in lung volume ( ΔV)/Change in inflation pressure ( ΔP).
C= Δ V/ Δ P
W jakich wartościach liczy się compliance?
Compliance = L/cmH2O or L/kPa
Lung compliance depends equally on: (2)
• the elasticity of the lung tissue
• the surface tension forces at the gas/liquid interface within
the lung i.e. within the alveoli.
To provide the required changes in lung volume and
changes in inflation pressure required for breathing.
Wyjaśnij i opisz Laplace’s Law:
The relationship between the radius (r) of a small bubble of
air in liquid, the transmural pressure (P) across the wall of
the bubble and the surface tension (T) at the air/liquid
interface is described by Laplace’s equation:
P = 2T/r
• The most important determinant of lung compliance is ….
surface tension at the air/water interfaces within the
alveoli.
• The type II alveolar cells produce a phospholipid known as … which ….
pulmonary surfactant
markedly reduces the cohesive forces on the alveolar surface.
• Surfactant …. the surface tension and …. lung compliance, making the lungs … to expand.
lowers
increases
easier
Surfactant is a…
A mixture of phospholipids - mainly dipalmitoyl lecithin
Surfacant is continuously produced by …
trauma and hypoxia (low oxygen levels)….
TYPE II Alveolar cells
increase breakdown of surfactant
Surfacant is first produced about
4th month gestation but not fully produced until about 7th month
Problems of insufficiency of surfacant
Collapse of alveoli and difficulty expanding small ones (Infant Respiratory Distress
Syndrome)
Lung volumes can be either static or dynamic.
Static volumes are …. with which they are measured.
independent of the speed
Static volumes are measured in different ways: (6+3)
- Tidal Volume (VT)
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
- Residual Volume (RV)
- Vital Capacity (VC)
- Dead Space
Also:-
1) Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TLC - FRC
2) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = TLC - (VT + FRC)
3) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = FRC - RV
A … FEV1/FVC ratio is indicative of ….
low
an OBSTRUCTIVE disease
Dynamic lung volumes are measured in different ways: (2)
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
* Forced Expired Volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Forced Expiratory Ratio eq -
FEV1/FVC
PERF-
Peak expiratory flow rate
Maximum rate at which expiration occurs
HAEMOGLOBIN
Hb contains … globin molecules
each with a … group
Each haem group contains …
that can combine with O2
4
haem
Fe2+
Bohr effect -
The shift to the right decreases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen (patrz rysunek z przypisem)
Oxygen/Haemoglobin dissociation curves are affected by (4):
1) PCO2
2) Acidity
3) Temeperature
And, 2,3 BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) formerly known as 2,3-DPG (diphosphoglycerate)
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in THREE different forms as:
Podaj skład procentowy:
Dissolved gas
Bicarbonate
Carbamino compounds
5-10% CO2 dissolved in plasma
5-10% CO2 chemically combined with Hb
80-90% Carried as HCO3
- in red blood cells
Jak brzmi Boyle’s Law? (Inspiration-przeciwnie do expiration)
Intrapleural Pressure is smaller than atmospheric pressure
