L9

Question 1

The major features of the lungs include the ….

Answer 1

bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli.

Question 2

Opisz po kolei generację od ust do pęch. płucnych

Answer 2

• Nasal cavity / Mouth
• Trachea (generation 1)
• Bronchi (3-4,5-11)
• Bronchioles (12-16)
• Respiratory Bronchioles (17-19)
• Alveoli (23)

Question 3

Ile jest branches, alveoli i jaka jest surface area?

Answer 3

~17 million branches,
~300 million alveoli and
60- 80m2 surface area.

Question 4

Przypomnienie inspiration

Answer 4

• Muscles used:
Diaphragm
External intercostal
• Thoracic volume increases

Question 5

Przypomnienie expiration

Answer 5

• Passive at rest
• Muscles used during exercise
Internal intercostal
Abdominal

Question 6

As the chest expands alveolar and intrapleural pressures ….

Answer 6

fall

Question 7

Intrapleural pressures rises and the volume of the lung ….

Answer 7

decreases

Question 8

compliance -

lung compliance -

Answer 8

The change in the volume of the chest that results from a given change in intrapleural
pressure.

Lung compliance is a measure of the ease with which the lungs can be inflated:
Compliance (C) = Change in lung volume ( ΔV)/Change in inflation pressure ( ΔP).
C= Δ V/ Δ P

Question 9

W jakich wartościach liczy się compliance?

Answer 9

Compliance = L/cmH2O or L/kPa

Question 10

Lung compliance depends equally on: (2)

Answer 10

• the elasticity of the lung tissue

• the surface tension forces at the gas/liquid interface within
the lung i.e. within the alveoli.
To provide the required changes in lung volume and
changes in inflation pressure required for breathing.

Question 11

Wyjaśnij i opisz Laplace’s Law:

Answer 11

The relationship between the radius (r) of a small bubble of
air in liquid, the transmural pressure (P) across the wall of
the bubble and the surface tension (T) at the air/liquid
interface is described by Laplace’s equation:
P = 2T/r

Question 12

• The most important determinant of lung compliance is ….

Answer 12

surface tension at the air/water interfaces within the

alveoli.

Question 13

• The type II alveolar cells produce a phospholipid known as … which ….

Answer 13

pulmonary surfactant

markedly reduces the cohesive forces on the alveolar surface.

Question 14

• Surfactant …. the surface tension and …. lung compliance, making the lungs … to expand.

Answer 14

lowers
increases
easier

Question 15

Surfactant is a…

Answer 15

A mixture of phospholipids - mainly dipalmitoyl lecithin

Question 16

Surfacant is continuously produced by …

trauma and hypoxia (low oxygen levels)….

Answer 16

TYPE II Alveolar cells

increase breakdown of surfactant

Question 17

Surfacant is first produced about

Answer 17

4th month gestation but not fully produced until about 7th month

Question 18

Problems of insufficiency of surfacant

Answer 18

Collapse of alveoli and difficulty expanding small ones (Infant Respiratory Distress
Syndrome)

Question 19

Lung volumes can be either static or dynamic.

Static volumes are …. with which they are measured.

Answer 19

independent of the speed

Question 20

Static volumes are measured in different ways: (6+3)

Answer 20

• Tidal Volume (VT)
• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
• Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
• Residual Volume (RV)
• Vital Capacity (VC)
• Dead Space

Also:-

1) Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TLC - FRC
2) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = TLC - (VT + FRC)
3) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = FRC - RV

Question 21

A … FEV1/FVC ratio is indicative of ….

Answer 21

low

an OBSTRUCTIVE disease

Question 22

Dynamic lung volumes are measured in different ways: (2)

Answer 22

• Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

* Forced Expired Volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Question 23

Forced Expiratory Ratio eq -

Answer 23

FEV1/FVC

Question 24

PERF-

Answer 24

Peak expiratory flow rate

Maximum rate at which expiration occurs

Question 25

HAEMOGLOBIN

Hb contains … globin molecules
each with a … group

Each haem group contains …
that can combine with O2

Answer 25

4
haem

Fe2+

Question 26

Bohr effect -

Answer 26

The shift to the right decreases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen (patrz rysunek z przypisem)

Question 27

Oxygen/Haemoglobin dissociation curves are affected by (4):

Answer 27

1) PCO2
2) Acidity
3) Temeperature

And, 2,3 BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) formerly known as 2,3-DPG (diphosphoglycerate)

Question 28

Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in THREE different forms as:

Podaj skład procentowy:

Answer 28

 Dissolved gas
 Bicarbonate
 Carbamino compounds

5-10% CO2 dissolved in plasma
5-10% CO2 chemically combined with Hb
80-90% Carried as HCO3
- in red blood cells

Question 29

Jak brzmi Boyle’s Law? (Inspiration-przeciwnie do expiration)

Answer 29

Intrapleural Pressure is smaller than atmospheric pressure