L13

Question 1

Dihydrotestosterone
        ^
        I
        I     ENZYME (nazwa) 
        I  
Testosterone

Answer 1

5-alpha reductase

This enzyme is required for the normal male development of the external Genitalia in utero.

Question 2

In absence of these hormones, female characteristics

Answer 2

Testosterone and a glycoprotein hormone called Mullerin inhibiting Hormone (MIH) required for male development.

Question 3

Before …. weeks of gestation, the sex of the embryo is indeterminate

Answer 3

7-8

Question 4

All embryos acquire dual ductal systems – ….

Answer 4

the Mullerian Duct and the Wolffian duct

Question 5

Mullerian duct gives rise to ….

Wolffian duct give rise to ….

Answer 5

fallopian tubes and uterus

Vas deferens and Seminal vesicles.

Question 6

In the female the Mullerian ducts … and the Wolffian ducts …. (default route).

Answer 6

develop

degenerate

Question 7

In the male, …. inhibiting hormone causes the Mullerian duct to ….. and the testosterone …. the Wolffian ducts and also causes virilization of the external genitalia.

Answer 7

Mullerin
degenerate
differentiates

Question 8

Testes –

Answer 8

source of germ cells and hormones
important for reproductive function;

Composed of seminiferous tubules where spermatozoa manufactured i.e. the sperm factory.

Secretion of Androgens: which bring about full masculine development.

Question 9

Epididymis –

Answer 9

sperm spend at least 12 days in transit. Reservoir of sperm. But also sperm maturation.

Question 10

Semen-

Answer 10

(2-6ml)
Sperm count 108 sperms/ml
(i.e 100 million/ml)

poszczególne elementy poniżej się na to składają:
•ampullary gland
•seminal vesicles (60%)
•Prostate (20%)
•bulbo-urethral glands

Secretions provide nutrients (fructose) for the sperm and secretions of the prostate is alkaline

Motility and fertility of sperm optimal at pH 6.5

Question 11

Estrogens synthesised by the developing follicle

reaches a peak … before ovulation

Answer 11

2 days

Question 12

The estrogen peak is responsible for the surge of

… release

Answer 12

both LH/FSH

Question 13

… after…. peak ovulation takes place

Answer 13

12 hr

LH/FSH

Question 14

Estrogens secreted by ….

Answer 14

follicle

Question 15

Two major effects of estrogens:

Answer 15

• [1] It suppresses FSH release at low concentrations
• [2] At high concentrations it stimulates a surge of
both LH and FSH release

Question 16

LUTEAL PHASE - opisz

Answer 16

After ovulation, the corpus luteum, under the influence of LH secretes both estrogens and progesterone:

Therefore:
•secretory endometrium develops
•Inhibition of secretion of FSH/LH.

Decrease in LH leads to degeneration of the corpus luteum, and a corresponding decrease in estrogens and progesterone.
Therefore endometrium begins to slough at conclusion of Day 28

Question 17

Corpus luteum synthesizes and secretes ….. under the influence of ….

Answer 17

both estrogen and progesterone

LH/FSH

Question 18

After Ovulation Progesterone supports the and …. also depresses ….

Answer 18

secretory phase of the endometrium

LH secretion

Question 19

After Ovulation Estrogen alters ….. so that the release of ….

Answer 19

pituitary sensitivity to GnRH

LH/FSH diminishes

Question 20

After Ovulation The corpus luteum no longer produces …. as the levels of …. drop and regresses to form ….

Answer 20

estrogens/progesterone
LH/FSH
corpus albicans

Question 21

After Ovulation Decrease in … leads to the ….. and the cycle restarts again

Answer 21

oestrogens/progesterone

shedding of the endometrium

Question 22

During Pregnancy, the …. is maintained

Answer 22

Corpus Luteum

Question 23

For pregnancy to occur, Sperm must be present between … before and ….after ovulation.

Sperm remain capable of fertilizing an oocyte for … whilst an ovulated oocyte remains viable for ….

Answer 23

4 days before
1 day after

4-6 days
24-48hrs.

Question 24

If Pregnancy occurs, the fertilised egg secretes …. (rozwiń skrót) and … (rozwiń skrót)

Answer 24

HCG (human chorionic Gonadotrophin)

HPL (human placental lactogen)

Question 25

the basis of the pregnancy test - hormone name

Answer 25

HCG – human chorionic Gonadotrophin

Question 26

HCG ~ similar to …

HPL ~ similar to ….

Answer 26

LH/FSH

prolactin (caused growth of mammary glands)

Question 27

Pregnancy: HCG works like …

Therefore Corpus Luteum is now maintained for 3 months till …. takes over the secretion of ….

Answer 27

LH.

placenta
progesterone
and estrogens

Question 28

Pregnancy: … can carry on for months

Answer 28

Lactation

Question 29

During lactation, … is reduced, primarily mediated by ….

Answer 29

fertility

prolactin

Question 30

Prolactin suppresses the ….

Answer 30

release of GnRH

Question 31

Lactation can be suppressed by ….

which depresses prolactin release.

Answer 31

dopamine (bromocriptine)

Question 32

…. antagonists allow prolactin release and hence milk synthesis

Answer 32

Dopamine