L14 Flashcards
…. gives adrenal extracts to … to test on Dog. Blood Pressure. Year 1893 London, UCL
Discovery of …
George Oliver (from Harrogate)
Edward Schaefer (Professor of Physiology at UCL)
Adrenaline
Who has coined the term Hormone?
Starling and Bayliss
…. discover…. (in dog) London 1905
Starling and Bayliss (Physiology, UCL)
secretin
Gives 13 year old dying boy …..;
Boy recovers – discovery of ….
Toronto 1922
pancreatic extract
INSULIN
ADRENAL GLAND controls with cortisol (4):
Blood glucose regulation
protein turnover
survival in the time of stress (with adrenaline as well)
Modulation of tissue response in injury and infection
ADRENAL GLAND controls with aldosterone (1):
Na and K balance
Function of cortisol (2):
[1] to raise blood glucose by regulating metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats (protein to glycogen)
[2] Adaption to stress-immunosuppresive, antiallergic,
anti-inflammatory
Too much cortisol (4):
(Cushing’s syndrome)
Redistribution of body fat
Wasting of muscle
Hyperglycemia
Too much cortisol due to (5):
1) increased output of ACTH
2) hypersecretion of CRH
3) lung tumours often produce ACTH
4) patients with chronic inflammatory disorders
5) receiving treatment with corticosteroids
Medulla is composed of …. –
Chromaffin Cells
Chromaffin Cells -
sympathetic postganglionic neurons in medulla.
The Chromaffin cells are filled with granules containing …
Granules secrete by exocytosis
The cells are filled with granules containing adrenaline, ATP, opioid peptides.
NORADRENALINE - inna nazwa…
ADRENALINE - inna nazwa…
Norepinephrine
epinephrine
Adrenergic receptors are GPCR
j
Adrenergic receptors in noradrenaline:
+ subtypes:
a-adrenergic
a1 a2, b1
a- alpha, b- beta
Adrenergic receptors in adrenaline:
+ subtypes:
b-adrenergic
b1 b2 b3
b- beta
Actions of catecholamines dla reakcji:
b — > cAMP
1) Metabolic
2) Cardiovascular
3) Visceral
1) Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
2) Heart rate up
Cardiac contractility
3) Muscle relaxation in GI tract
Urinary
Bronchial
Actions of catecholamines dla reakcji:
a — > PLC
1) Metabolic
2) Cardiovascular
3) Visceral
1) Gluconeogenesis (liver)
2) BP increased
3) Sweating
Dilation of pupils
CORTISOL - na metabolizm jak wpływa
protein and fat breakdown to have building blocks to make glucose
GROWTH HORMONE - na metabolizm jak wpływa
changes energy usage from carbohydrates to fats
GLUCAGON and ADRENALINE - na metabolizm jak wpływa
actions on liver to mobilise glucose by breakdown of glycogen and stimulate the synthesis of glucose
During starvation, hormones levels of Glucagon, cortisol, GH ….
rise
All these hormones opposes the effects of Insulin
Glycogenolysis -
breakdown of glycogen
Gluconeogenesis -
synthesis of glucose from fatty acids etc
Lipolysis -
breakdown of fats (produces fatty acids)
Only a single hormone can decrease plasma Glucose
levels – this is ….
Insulin
60% β cells -stores …
25% α cells - stores …
15% Δ cells - stores …
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
Islets - …% of pancreatic mass
2%
Actions of Insulin:
- Uptake of glucose, amino acids by muscle and adipose tissue
- Storage of fuels- stimulates synthesis of triglycerides,
proteins and glycogen
Consequently:
1) Insulin lowers ….
2) Resting levels of glucose is …
3) After a meal the concentration will rise to
High Glucose stimulates ….
1) blood glucose levels
2) 5.6mM (1mg/ml)
3) 7-8mM
INSULIN RELEASE
