L2 Flashcards
The body of a normal 70 kg adult holds about ……… litres of water
42
Hydrophilic substances
glucose, Na+, ethanol and many proteins
Hydrophobic substances
fats and waxes and cholesterol.
Amphiphilic substances
long chain fatty acids, bile salts and the phospholipids.
The rate of diffusion depends on (4):
- The concentration gradient
- The area available for diffusion
- The molecular mass of the solute
- The diffusion coefficient
The diffusion coefficient – …
A physical constant that reflects the molecular
characteristics of both solute and solvent. This constant
also depends on temperature.
Osmosis is the ….
Osmosis is the movement of water (or other solvent) through a semipermeable membrane that permits the passage of the water
but not the solute particles.
the osmotic pressure -
A hydrostatic pressure sufficient to stop osmosis. Plays an important role in the transport of molecules across membranes.
Osmotic pressure equation:
Osmotic pressure (π) = MRT M - Molality, R - universal gas constant (0.31JK-1mol-1), T - the absolute temperature (310K at normal body temperature)
Przypomnienie Osmotic pressure (2)!
Osmotic pressure depends on the number of solute particles present per unit volume of solvent and NOT on their chemical
makeup.
• Salts separate into their constituent ions, so the osmotic pressure that a salt such as sodium chloride will exert will be twice its
molar concentration.
…. is the basis of process to purify water called ….
Osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis
osmolarity
moles solute particles per litre of a solution. Similarly a 1M solution of glucose has a concentration of 1 Osm (1 Osmol L-1).
osmolality
moles solute particles per kg of water. In clinical medicine, osmotic pressures of body fluids are generally expressed as osmolality. One gram mole of a non-dissociating substance in 1kg of water exerts an osmotic pressure of 1 Osmol kg-1.
The blood plasma has an osmolality of around ….
300 mOsmol kg-1
• The principal ions of the blood plasma (4):
They contribute most of this
(Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3 -)
around 290 mOsmol kg-1
przypomnienie dlaczego proteins exert small osmotic pressure
Why do proteins exert such a small osmotic pressure?
Each kg of plasma contains ~ 6.76 g of NaCl and 47.4g of albumin
• Osmotic pressure due to NaCl:
2 * (6.76/58.4) = 0.231 Osmol kg-1 or 231 mOsmol kg-1
• Osmotic pressure due to albumin:
47.4/69,000 = 0.687 mOsmol kg-1
przypomnienie
Fluids which are isotonic are also iso-osmotic.
• However, not all iso-osmotic solutions are isotonic with cells.
– iso-osmotic solutions of urea cause cells to swell… why?
ile wody w:
1) Intracellular water
2) Extracellular water:
a) Interstitial water
b) Plasma
c) Transcellular water
1) 28L
2a) 10.4L
2b) 2.8L
2c) 0.8L
Transcellular water -
The extracellular water in spaces such as the brain ventricles, peritoneal cavity, joint capsules and eyes
Interstitial water -
The extracellular water that
lies outside the blood
vessels and bathes the cells
Plasma -
The extracellular water
of the blood
Intracellular water -
The water within cells
przypomnienie woda
Total body water = extracellular water + intracellular water
Extracellular water = plasma + interstitial water
przypomnienie zadanie woda
If total body water is 43L, the plasma volume is 3L and the extracellular water volume is 16 litres…
Intracellular water volume = 43 - 16 = 27 L
Interstitial water volume = 16 - 3 = 13 L
wzór na koncentrację
concentration = mass/volume
przypomnienie Total body water
Total body water can be measured using 3H2O or 2H2O
przypomnienie Plasma volume
Plasma volume can be measured using the dye Evans Blue (high affinity for serum albumin).
przypomnienie Extracellular volume
Extracellular volume can be measured using a plant
polysaccharide called inulin (NOT insulin).
Measuring plasma volume:
• 10 ml of a 1% solution (0.1 g or 100 mg) of Evans Blue was injected into a subject
przypomnienie summary
• Cells swell (or burst) when placed in distilled water and shrink when
placed in concentrated salt solutions.
Przypomnienie roztwór izotoniczny
Cells placed in a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride in water (i.e. 0.9 g sodium chloride in
100 ml of water) neither swell nor shrink. This concentration has an osmolality ≈ 290 mosmol kg-1
and is said to be isotonic with the cells.