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PHOL1001 > L16 - urinary system > Flashcards

L16 - urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

The principal role of the kidneys is to control the levels of body constituents and metabolic waste products. This requires the kidneys ‘to filter’, actually 3 processes:

A

filtration,
reabsorption and secretion from the plasma
and excrete the excess essential body constituents and metabolic waste products.

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2
Q

Nerki odpowiedzialne są za regulacje (5):

A 
blood ionic composition,
blood pH
blood volume
blood pressure
blood glucose level
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3
Q

Kidneys are responsible for production, maintenance and excretion of (3):

A
  • Production of hormones (calcitrol and erythropoietin)
  • Maintenance of blood osmolarity
  • Excretion of wastes from metabolic reactions and foreign substances (drugs or toxins)
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4
Q

• Although kidneys constitute less than … of total body mass, they receive …. of resting cardiac output

A

0.5%,20-25%

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5
Q

• Each nephron receives …

A

one afferent arteriole

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6
Q

Renal nerves are part of …..nervous system

• Most are …. regulating …

A

the sympathetic autonomicvasomotor nerves blood flow

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7
Q

Nephrons consist of (2):

A

Renal corpuscle – filters blood plasma

Renal tubule – filtered fluid passes into its components

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8
Q

Renal corpuscle – filters blood plasma (2):

A
  • Glomerulus – capillary network

* Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule – double-walled cup surrounding glomerulus

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9
Q

Renal tubule – filtered fluid passes into (3):

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Descending and ascending loop of Henle (nephron loop)
  • Distal convoluted tubule
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10
Q

• Cortical nephrons – …. of nephrons

A

80-85%

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11
Q

Cortical nephrons (opisz renal corpuscle):

A

• Renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex and short loops of Henle extend only into outer region of medulla

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12
Q

• Juxtamedullary nephrons – … of nephrons

A

20-25%

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13
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons (opisz renal corpuscle):

A
  • Renal corpuscle deep in cortex and long loops of Henle extend deep into medulla
  • Receive blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
  • Ascending limb has thick and thin regions
  • Enable kidney to secrete very dilute or very concentrated urine
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14
Q

Opisz Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule (3)

A
  • Visceral layer
  • Parietal layer
  • Fluid filtered from glomerular capillaries
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15
Q

(Glometular (Bowman’s) capsule) Visceral layer has…

A

has podocytes that wrap projections around single layer of endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries and form inner wall of capsule

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16
Q

(Glometular (Bowman’s) capsule) Parietal layer forms ….

A

forms outer wall of capsule

17
Q

(Glometular (Bowman’s) capsule) Fluid filtered from glomerular capillaries enters …

A

enters capsular (Bowman’s) space

18
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule cells have …, which …

A

microvilli with brush border, increases surface area

19
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus składa się z (2):

A

Macula densa, Juxtaglomerular cells

20
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus helps….. in kidney

A

regulate blood pressure

21
Q

Macula densa –

A

cells in final part of ascending loop of Henle

22
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells –

A

cells of afferent and efferentarterioles contain modified smooth muscle fibers

23
Q

Parts of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct (3)

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule cells
  2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus (Macula densa, Juxtaglomerular cells)
  3. Last part of distal convoluted tubule andcollecting duct (Principal cells, Intercalated cells)
24
Q

Last part of distal convoluted tubule andcollecting duct składa się z (2):

A
  • Principal cells – receptors for antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and aldosterone
  • Intercalated cells – role in blood pH homeostasis
25
Q

Opisz Glomerular filtration:

A

Water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the glomerular capillaries wall into the glomerular capsule and then the tubule

26
Q

Opisz Tubular reabsorption:

A

As filtered fluid moves along tubule and through collecting duct, about 99% of water and many useful solutes reabsorbed – returned to blood

27
Q

Opisz Tubular secretion:

A

As filtered fluid moves along tubule and through collecting duct, other material secreted into fluid such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions – removessubstances from blood

28
Q

Renal Blood flow determines….

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

29
Q

The most common cause of renal failure is …

A

Reduction of renal blood flow

30
Q

total blood flow [i.e. to both kidneys] is…. l/minthat’s …. resting cardiac output

A

1.25, 25%

31
Q

renal blood flow remains constant if arterial BP (blood pressure) is altered [between…..mmHg]

A

80-200

32
Q

Renal blood flow remains constant even when renal nerves are cut (therefore intrinsic control). What are the mechanisms of auto regulation?

A
  1. Myogenic hypothesis
  2. Tubuloglomerular hypothesis
  3. Metabolic hypothesis
33
Q

Renal blood flow is autoregulated by varying RVR, i.e. + rozwinięcie skrótu

A

renal vascular resistance, i.e. the resistances of the afferent and efferent arterioles.

34
Q

Myogenic Hypothesis (7):

A

Response of renal afferent arterioles to stretch

  1. Increase in perfusion pressure
  2. Distension of afferent arteriole wall
  3. Smooth muscle fibres stretch
  4. Smooth muscle fibres then contract [vasoconstriction]
  5. Increases vascular resistance
  6. Decreases blood flow
  7. Smooth muscle relaxes
35
Q

Tubuloglomerular Hypothesis (4):

A
  1. GFR is originally increased if renal perfusion pressure is raised.
  2. In consequence filtrate flow rate through the nephron increases.
  3. The raised flow causes a factor to be released from the juxta-glomerular apparatus (renin?).
  4. This increases afferent arteriolar resistance. Flow and therefore GFR are normalised
36
Q

Metabolic hypothesis (4):

A

Renal tissue metabolites maintain a degree of vasodilation

  1. Increase in perfusion pressure.
  2. Increase in blood flow.
  3. Leaching out of metabolites from renal tissue.
  4. Decrease in vasodilation (vasoconstriction).Humoral factors derived from vascular endothelium i.e. NO may act as vasodilators.
37
Q

How else is renal blood flow controlled? (extrinsic factors) (2)

A
  1. Renal nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  2. Humoral factors in the blood- adrenaline/noradrenaline = vasoconstriction (in cortex)- vasopressin = vasoconstriction (next lecture)
38
Q

renal blood flow control extrinsic factor: Renal nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic) (2):

A
  • sympathetic stimulation = vasoconstriction of afferentarterioles- parasympathetic = vasodilation
39
Q

renal blood flow control extrinsic factor: Humoral factors in the blood (2):

A
  • adrenaline/noradrenaline = vasoconstriction (in cortex)- vasopressin = vasoconstriction

PHOL1001 (27 decks)

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