L12 Flashcards
The word hormone was coined by …. in 1905.
Ernest Henry Starling
…. discovered Secretin in 1902 at UCL.
Bayliss and Starling
Podaj hormon i funkcję tkanki: pancreas
insulin, glucagon
glucose metabolism
Podaj hormon i funkcję tkanki: kidneys
renin - blood pressur (BP)
erythropoeitin - red cell production
vitamin D3 - plasma calcium
Podaj hormon i funkcję tkanki: liver
insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-I and IGF-II)
growth
Podaj hormon i funkcję tkanki: heart
Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)
Na excretion by kidneys
Podaj hormon i funkcję tkanki: Fat cells
Leptin
regulates appetite
Podaj hormon i funkcję tkanki: Gastro-Intestinal Tract
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin
digestive processes
HORMONES regulate:
1] Growth, development of physical, sexual and mental characteristics
2] Utilization of nutrients by cells
3] Adjustment of salt and water balance
4] Metabolic Rate
5] Dealing with Stress
HORMONES regulate 1] Growth, development of physical, sexual
and mental characteristics by hormones:
(Growth Hormone, thyroid hormones, testosterone /,estrogens)
HORMONES regulate 2] Utilization of nutrients by cells by hormones
(insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone,
adrenaline)
HORMONES regulate 3] Adjustment of salt and water balance by hormones
(aldosterone, vasopressin (ADH), Atrial Naturiatic Factor (ANF))
HORMONES regulate 4] Metabolic Rate by hormones
(thyroid Hormones)
HORMONES regulate 5] Dealing with Stress by hormones
(Cortisol, adrenaline)
2 types of Hormones
Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic hormones:
cell entrance:
hormone storage:
examples:
will not enter cells and so has to bind to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS
Receptors are INTEGRAL
membrane proteins
Hormones can be stored in
secretory granules/vesicles
e.g adrenaline, Growth Hormone
vasopressin
Hydrophobic hormones:
cell entrance:
hormone storage:
examples:
Will enter cells and RECEPTOR is a SOLUBLE PROTEIN inside the cytoplasm and can enter nucleus
Hormones cannot be stored and are synthesised on demand
e.g estrogens thyroid hormones T3 or Vitamin D3
The response of a cell to a hormone is determined by …
The more …, the higher the response.
the number of Receptors.
the receptors
Receptor number is regulated ! You can down regulate or up regulate receptor number.
… (3) residues in proteins can by phosphorylated by ATP.
Phosphorylation can change the ‘activity’ status of the protein. e.g. an enzyme can be ‘activated’ or ‘deactivated’ .
Serine, threonine and tyrosine
Phosphorylated proteins are dephosphorylated by enzymes called ….
phosphatases
Hormones such as:
(3)….
bind to their cell surface receptors and stimulate tyrosine kinase activity
INSULIN
GROWTH HORMONE
PROLACTIN
Rozwiń skrót: GnRH
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
Rozwiń skrót: GHRH
Growth Hormone RH
Rozwiń skrót: TRH
Thryotrophin RH
Rozwiń skrót: CRH
Corticotrophin RH
Rozwiń skrót: FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
Rozwiń skrót: LH
luteinizing hormone
Rozwiń skrót: TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
Rozwiń skrót: ACTH
adrenocorticotrophin
Rozwiń skrót: PRP
prolactin releasing peptide
Rozwiń skrót: IGF
insulin like Growth Factor
Rozwiń skrót: T3/T4
Thyroid Hormones
Which proteins (3) are Glycoproteins made of two subunits - alpha and beta subunits
FSH
LH
TSH
FSH, TSH, LH are glycoproteins
(T1/2 (half life) therefore longer)
The Ant. pituitary synthesises and secretes 6 hormones which are stored in specific cells:
GH -stored in Somatotrophs Prolactin- stored in Lactotrophs FSH/LH -stored in gonadotrophs ACTH -stored in corticotrophs TSH - stored in thyrotrophs
These hormones activate G-protein-coupled receptors and may use 2 pathways: (8)
TRH - 3 amino acids (a tripeptide) GnRH - 10 amino acids GHRH - 44 amino acids CRH - 41 amino acids ACTH -39 amino acids
FSH, TSH, LH
Hormones that activate G-protein-coupled receptors will use either….. (second messenger, …) or …. (second messengers, …. )
the adenylate cyclase pathway
cAMP
the phospholipase C pathway
IP3 and DAG derived from PIP2
These hormones are NOT GPCR; : (3) …
They work via regulation of …
Prolactin
GH
IGF-1
tyrosine phosphorylation
Endocrine disorders – dysfunction of ….
signalling, either at Receptor, or G-protein level
