L8 & L9: Neurobiology II & III Flashcards
Parts of forebrain?
Cerebrum, diencephalon
Parts of brain?
Forebrain, brain stem, cerebellum
Parts of diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus
Parts of brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
What separates cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
What connects cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Parts of cerebrum?
Cerebral hemispheres and deep subcortical nuclei
What do basal nuclei do?
Modify movement
Examples of basal nuclei
Putamen and caudate nucleus
How many layers are in the cerebral cortex?
Six
Does sensory information enter the cerebral cortex directly?
No
What are the four lobes of cerebral hemispheres?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
What is the thalamus?
A cluster of nuclei cells
What does the thalamus do?
Direct relay of all sensory information
How is the damage of the thalamus called?
Synesthesia
What are two major horns in the spinal cord?
Dorsal and ventral
What are dorsal horns associated with?
Sensory neurons
What are ventral horns associated with?
Motor neurons
What tracts carry sensory information to the brain?
Ascending bundles
What tracts carry commands to motor neurons?
Descending bundles
where are bodies of afferent neurons located?
Dorsal root ganglia
where are bodies of efferent neurons located?
spinal cord or brainstem
PNS system is divided to?
into sensory and motor
motor NS is divided to
autonomic and somatic
autonomic is divided to
sympathetic and parasympathetic
how many neurons are in the series for somatic NS?
just one
how many neurons are in the series for autonomic NS?
two, pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers
what is the neurotransmitter for somatic NS?
acetylcholine
what signals pass through somatic NS?
only excitatory
what signals pass through autonomic NS?
excitatory and inhibitory
what neurotransmitters are involved in autonomic NS?
between pre- and post-ganglionic –acetylcholine, between target and post-ganglionic – depending on the sympa/parasympa system
sympathetic NS?
fight or flight
parasympathetic NS?
rest or digest
what does the occipital lobe control?
vision
what does the frontal lobe control?
voluntary movement, personality, speech
what does the parietal lobe control?
integration of sensory info, language comprehension
what does the temporal lobe control?
smell, hearing, emotions, memory
sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord from
thoracic and lumbar regions
sympathetic ganglia form
two sympathetic trunks
are sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglia close to targets?
parasympathetic
parasympathetic fibers exit
from the brainstem and sacral regions
what is the vagus nerve?
a nerve of the parasympathetic system that originates in the medulla oblongata and carries 75% of parasympathetic fibers
what are cells with no axons involved in sympathetic NS?
chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla are modified sympathetic ganglion
what do chromaffin cells release?
80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine
alpha 1
constricts blood vessels
beta 2
dilates blood vessels
somatic NS receptors
nicotinic ACh-R
auto parasympa NS receptors
muscarininc ACh-R
auto sympa NS receptors
adrenergic
pre-between-post receptors
nicotinic ACh-R
