L23: Renal System I Flashcards

1
Q

kidneys process blood by

A

removing substances from it and in a few cases adding substances to it

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2
Q

major renal functions

A

regulation of the volume, osmolarity, mineral composition, acidity of the body by excreting water and inorganic electrolytes in amounts adequate to achieve homeostasis

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3
Q

second renal function

A

excretion of waste products (urea, uric acid, creatinine, hemoglobin waste products)

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4
Q

urea is a waste product of

A

proteins

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5
Q

uric acid is a waste product of

A

nucleic acids

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6
Q

creatinine is a waste product of

A

muscle creatinine

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7
Q

third renal function

A

removal of foreign chemicals

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8
Q

fourth renal function

A

gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from amino acids and other precursors)

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9
Q

fifth renal function

A

production of hormones and enzymes

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10
Q

what enzymes/hormones do kidney produce?

A

erythropoietin (erythrocyte production)
renin (blood pressure, sodium balance)
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcium balance)

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11
Q

kidneys location

A

abdominal (peritoneal) cavity in the posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

ureters

A

transport urine from kidneys to the bladder

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13
Q

the bladder

A

stores urine until voided from body

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14
Q

urethra

A

carries urine from bladder to the outside of the body

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15
Q

two major regions of kidneys

A

inner renal medulla and outer renal cortex

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16
Q

the site of ultrafiltration

A

outer renal cortex

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17
Q

kidneys receive ___% of the cardiac output

A

20-25%

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18
Q

kidneys constitute __% of the total body weight

A

0.4%

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19
Q

___ is critical to renal function

A

high rate of blood flow

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20
Q

renal arteries

A

branch off the abdominal aorta, supply blood to the kidneys

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21
Q

renal veins

A

carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava

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22
Q

each kidney has over __ million nephrons

A

1 million

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23
Q

the basic structural & functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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24
Q

two types of nephrons

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

25
cortical nephrons
most nephrons (80-85%), have short loop of Henle
26
juxtamedullary nephrons
15% of nephrons, have long loop of Henle, maintain osmotic gradient to produce concentrated urine
27
renal corpuscle
filtering unit responsible for the initial step in urine formation, large and charged proteins and formed elements stay in plasma, while some nutrients, electrolytes, water, and waste products go to renal tubules
28
renal corpuscle consists of
tuft of interconnected capillary loops called glomerulus and ballon-like fluid-filled capsule called Bowman's capsule into which the glomerulus protrudes
29
Bowman's capsule
receives the filtrate, inflow to renal tubules
30
glomerulus
capillary network for filtration
31
filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of
three layers
32
first inner layer of filtration barrier
capillary endothelium that is perforated by many large fenestrae
33
second layer of filtration barrier
basement membrane, a gel-like acellular meshwork of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, does not allow negatively charged species to pass through
34
third layer of the filtration barrier
podocytes, capsular epithelial cells, extend foot processes into the basement membrane, have nephrin protein that does not allow big substances to pass
35
filtration slits
between adjacent foot processes constitute the path through which the filtrate, once through the capillary endothelial cells and basement membrane, travels to enter Bowman's space
36
from Bowman's capsule, filtered fluid flows into
the proximal tubule, which leads into the loop of Henle
37
the tubule is made up of
a single layer of epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane
38
one common feature of epithelial cells in tubules
tight junctions between adjacent cells
39
From Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts, | each nephron is ___
separated from one another
40
the separation of nephrons ends when
ducts merge into the renal pelvis
41
renal arteries
branch off the abdominal aorta, supply blood to the kidneys
42
renal veins
carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava
43
each nephron has
two arterioles and two sets of capillaries
44
blood enters the glomerular capillaries via
afferent arterioles
45
glomerular capillaries form
efferent arterioles
46
efferent arteriole of a cortical nephron subdivides into
a second set of capillaries called the peritubular capillaries which are profusely distributed to the tubule
47
peritibular capillaries
rejoin to form the veins by which blood leaves the kidney
48
efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons give rise to
long, looping vasa recta
49
vasa recta
peritibular capillaries that dip into the medulla and then go back up to the cortex, forming hairpin loops
50
vasa recta has significance for
the formation of concentrated urine
51
juxtaglomerular apparatus
in all nephrons, this is the final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, when it passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles
52
the proximity of the ascending limb and the arterioles allows
paracrine communication between the two structures, a key feature of kidney autoregulation
53
nephrons consists of
renal corpuscle and tubule
54
renal corpuscle consists of
capillary tuft, called glomerulus, and Bowman capsule that the tuft protrudes into
55
tubule consists of
proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct-system
56
at the end,
in the collecting ducts, multiple tubes join and empty into the renal pelvis, from which urine flows through the ureters into the bladder
57
each glomerulus is supplied by
afferent arteriole
58
___ leaves the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
59
tubules are supplied by
peritubular capillaries