L3 & L4: Hormones

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

composed of glands and hormone secreting cells

Question 2

signals sent by the endocrine system

Answer 2

longer delays, but last for greater lengths

Question 3

a single endocrine gland __

Answer 3

may secrete multiple hormones

Question 4

pancreas secretes

Answer 4

• insulin (lowers blood glucose levels)
• glucagon (increases blood glucose levels)
• somatostatin(inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones)

Question 5

single cell types ___

Answer 5

secretes only one hormone

Question 6

two types of glands

Answer 6

exocrine and endocrine glands

Question 7

exocrine glands

Answer 7

secrete their products into a duct, then to either exit or lumen of another organ

Question 8

endocrine glands

Answer 8

ductless, secrete directly to interstitial fluid and blood

Question 9

three major classes of endocrine hormones

Answer 9

amine hormones, peptides and proteins, steroids

Question 10

amine hormones

Answer 10

derivatives of amino acid tyrosine, made by thyroid, adrenal medulla and hypothalamus

Question 11

thyroid hormones, T3 and T4

Answer 11

contain iodine and are produced by the thyroid gland

Question 12

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 12

catecholamines, produced by adrenal medulla

Question 13

dopamine

Answer 13

catecholamines, produced by hypothalamus

Question 14

goiter

Answer 14

a greatly enlarged thyroid gland resulted from iodine deficiency

Question 15

annual dose of iodine needed

Answer 15

50 mg

Question 16

peptide hormones

Answer 16

large, inactive preproxhormones that include signal sequence, one or more copies of hormone, and additional peptide fragments

Question 17

preproinsulin is cleaved into

Answer 17

proinsulin, then insulin and C-peptide

Question 18

___ a marker of insulin secretion

Answer 18

C-peptide

Question 19

secretory vesicles containing peptides __

Answer 19

are stored in the cytoplasm until the cell receives a signal for secretion

Question 20

what happens when the cell receives a signal?

Answer 20

secretory vesicle releases its contents by Ca2+ dependent exocytosis into the extracellular space

Question 21

the half-life of peptide hormones is ___

Answer 21

short

Question 22

steroid hormones

Answer 22

lipids with ring-like structures

Question 23

steroid hormones are derived from

Answer 23

cholesterol

Question 24

aldosterone

Answer 24

stimulates Na+ & H2O reabsorption and K+ & H+ secretion in kidneys

Question 25

cortisol

Answer 25

is secreted from the adrenal cortex and regulates metabolism during stress

Question 26

sex hormones

Answer 26

testosterone and estradiol

Question 27

what enzyme releases free cholesterol?

Answer 27

cholesterol esterase

Question 28

how is cholesterol modified?

Answer 28

in a step-wise manner by a series of enzymes located in mitochondria and SER

Question 29

most of the steroid hormone molecules found in blood are ___

Answer 29

bound to protein carrier molecules

Question 30

some examples of protein carriers

Answer 30

corticosteroid-binding globulin, albumin

Question 31

adrenal gland consists of

Answer 31

adrenal medulla (1/4), adrenal cortex (3/4)

Question 32

adrenal medulla secretes

Answer 32

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 33

adrenal cortex zonas

Answer 33

zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa

Question 34

zona reticularis secretes

Answer 34

sex hormones

Question 35

zona fasciculata secretes

Answer 35

glucocorticoids

Question 36

zona glomerulosa secretes

Answer 36

aldosterone

Question 37

hormone's plasma concentration depends on

Answer 37

rate of secretion and rate of removal

Question 38

how are hormones removed?

Answer 38

by liver and kidneys, by cell endocytosis, by break down by enzymes in blood and tissues

Question 39

permissiveness

Answer 39

hormone B cannot exert its effect without hormone A

Question 40

permissiveness example

Answer 40

thyroid hormones stimulates the synthesis of adrenergic receptors for epinephrine in adipose tissue

Question 41

additive physiological effects

Answer 41

hormone A + hormone B + hormone C = sum of effects

Question 42

synergistic physiological effects

Answer 42

hormone A + hormone B + hormone C > sum of effects

Question 43

antagonistic effect

Answer 43

hormone A diminishes effects of hormone B

Question 44

hormone secretion is under the control of __

Answer 44

three types of inputs: 1) ions or nutrients 2) neurotransmitters 3) other hormones

Question 45

insuline secretion due to

Answer 45

increase of plasma glucose concentration

Question 46

insulin secretion due to

Answer 46

signals from nervous system

Question 47

insulin secretion due

Answer 47

GLP-1 stimulatory hormone

Question 48

endocrine disease can result from

Answer 48

changes in secretion or responsiveness of target cells

Question 49

type 2 diabetes (adult-onset)

Answer 49

hyporesponsiveness, cellular sensitivity to insulin is reduced

Question 50

type 1 diabetes (juvenile)

Answer 50

hyposecretion, reduced number of active pancreatic beta cells