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BIOL 336 > L21: Respiratory System II > Flashcards

L21: Respiratory System II Flashcards

1
Q

airway resistance

A

refers to the resistance of the entire system of airways in the respiratory tract

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2
Q

when resistance increases, ___

A

a larger pressure gradient is required to produce air flow

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3
Q

three parameters contributing to resistance

A

the system’s length, the viscosity, and the radius of tubes

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4
Q

resistance formula

A

R = (8Ln)/(pi*r^4)

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5
Q

in healthy lungs, resistance to air flow is __

A

low

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6
Q

why is resistance low in the conducting zone?

A

radii of tubes are large

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7
Q

why is resistance low in the respiratory zone?

A

extensive branching

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8
Q

factors affecting viscosity of air

A

humidity and altitude

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9
Q

factors affecting diameter of upper airways

A

physical obstruction by mucus or other objects

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10
Q

factors increasing diameter of bronchioles

A

carbon dioxide, epinephrine

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11
Q

factors decreasing diameter of bronchioles

A

parasympathetic neurons, histamine, leukotrienes

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12
Q

spirometry

A

a technique for measuring the volumes of inspired and expired air

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13
Q

how does spirometer work?

A

an individual breathes into and out of tube and transducer converts the volume of air to electrical signal

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14
Q

what lung volumes can be measured by spirometer?

A

tidal volume, inspiratory, expiratory reserve volumes

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15
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration

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16
Q

what’s the average IRV?

A

3000 mL

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17
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A

the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs doing a single, unforced breath

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18
Q

what’s average Vt?

A

500 mL

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19
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

the volume of air remaining in lungs following a maximal expiration

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20
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the maximum volume of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration

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21
Q

what’s the average RV?

A

1200 mL

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22
Q

what’s the average ERV?

A

1000 mL

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23
Q

lung capacities

A

sums of two or more of the lung volumes

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24
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

Vt + IRV = 3500 mL

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25
vital capacity (VC)
Vt + IRV + ERV = 4500 mL
26
functional residual capacity (FRC)
FRC = ERV + RV = 2200 mL
27
total lung capacity (TLC)
TLC = Vt + ERV + IRV + RV = 5700 mL
28
minute ventilation is ____ than alveolar ventilation because of ___
greater; dead space
29
minute ventilation formula
minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiratory rate
30
dead space
a fraction of fresh air left in upper airways that does not get to the alveoli
31
what's the average dead space volume?
150 mL
32
alveolar ventilation formula
alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate
33
restrictive pulmonary diseases
involve an interference with lung expansion
34
obstructive pulmonary diseases
involve increases in airway resistance
35
restrictive disorders involve
structural damage to lungs, plura or chest
36
what effect do restrictive disorders have on lung capacities?
decrease of the total lung capacity
37
what effect do obstructive disorders have on lung capacities?
increase of the functional residual capacity and total lung capacity
38
why do residual volumes increase in the case of obstructive disorders?
an increase in resistance makes both expiration and inspiration difficult
39
gas exchange in lungs and tissues involves __
diffusion of O2 and CO2 from regions of higher to lower partial pressure
40
partial pressure of dry air
760 mm Hg
41
partial pressure of oxygen in the air
160 mm Hg
42
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in air
0.25 mm Hg
43
alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
100 mm Hg
44
alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide
40 mm Hg
45
oxygen partial pressure in venous blood
40 mm Hg
46
carbon dioxide partial pressure in venous blood
46 mm Hg
47
oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood
100 mm Hg
48
carbon dioxide partial pressure in arterial blood
40 mm Hg
49
oxygen partial pressure in tissues
less than 40 mm Hg
50
carbon dioxide partial pressure in tissues
more than 46 mm Hg
51
each liter of systemic arterial blood contains __ oxygen
200 mL
52
out of 200 mL, __ are physically dissolved, while ___ bound to hemoglobin
3 mL; 197 mL
53
hemoglobin
protein made of four subunits bound together
54
each subunit of hemoglobin consists of ___
heme molecular group and a polypeptide attached to the heme
55
each of the four heme groups contains ___
one iron atom to which molecular oxygen binds
56
percent Hb saturation formula
O2 bound to Hb/Maximal capacity of Hb to bind O2
57
the combination of O2 with Hb is an example of
cooperativity
58
cooperativity
binding just one oxygen molecule to deoxyhemoglobin increases the affinity of remaining sites of the Hb molecule
59
shift left
more O2 affinity, more loading, less unloading
60
shift right
less O2 affinity, less loading, more unloading
61
increase in DPG causes
shift to the right
62
increase in temperature causes
shift to the right
63
increase in acidity causes
shift to the right
64
increased DPG levels, acidity, temperature are associated with
increased metabolic activity
65
% Hb saturation at 100 mm Hg P(O2)
98%
66
% Hb saturation at 60 mm P(O2)
more than 90%
67
molecules with greater O2 affinity
fetal Hb (exchange of bloods), myoglobin (increased supply of oxygen in muscles)
68
Hb has a higher affinity for ___ than O2
CO
69
Hb is __ saturated at venous P(O2) of 40 mm Hg
75%
70
__% of oxygen dissociates from Hb into the tissues
25%
71
DPG is synthesized by ___
erythrocytes
72
DPG increases in situations ___
associated with inadequate oxygen supply and helps maintain oxygen release in the tissues

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

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