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BIOL 336 > L16: Cardiovascular system I > Flashcards

L16: Cardiovascular system I Flashcards

1
Q

three principal components of circulatory system

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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2
Q

cardio system function is impacted by

A

endocrine system, nervous system, kidneys

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3
Q

blood is made of

A

formed elements and plasma

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4
Q

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments

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5
Q

how do you separate blood components?

A

high speed centrifugation

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6
Q

% of plasma in blood

A

55%

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7
Q

blood constituents are moved through the body by

A

bulk flow

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8
Q

white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

function of leukocytes

A

immune response

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10
Q

cell fragments?

A

platelets

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11
Q

buffy coat?

A

leykocytes and platelets

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12
Q

hematocrit?

A

erythrocytes, 38-46%

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13
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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14
Q

cardiovascular system is composed of __

A

two circuits

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15
Q

both circuits originate and terminate ____

A

in the heart

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16
Q

inside the heart, blood flows ___

A

from atrium to the ventricle

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17
Q

blood ___ pass between either of the atria or ventricles

A

does not

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18
Q

deoxygenated blood moves __

A

from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, gases are exchanged, and oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium

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19
Q

oxygenated blood moves ___

A

from the left ventricle into systemic circulation, through all organs, and deoxygenated returns to right atrium

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20
Q

blood vessels are divided into ___

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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21
Q

arteries carry blood ___ the heart

A

away from

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22
Q

veins carry blood ___ the heart

A

to

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23
Q

how do liquids flow?

A

flow down pressure gradients from high pressure to low pressure

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24
Q

blood can flow only if __

A

one region develops higher pressure than other regions

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25
what creates high pressure?
heart contraction
26
where is the highest pressure?
aorta
27
where is the lowest pressure?
venae cavae
28
why does the blood pressure go down?
friction between fluid and blood vessel walls
29
flow formula
F = deltaP/R
30
resistance of fluid depends on
radius of the tube, length of the tube, and viscosity of the fluid
31
Poiseuille's Law:
R = 8*L*n/pi*r^4
32
the main variable in blood vessels
radius of a tube
33
vasoconstriction
a decrease in blood vessel diameter that decreases blood flow through the vessel
34
vasodilation
an increase in blood vessel diameter that increases blood flow through the vessel
35
three main layers of the heart
outer pericardium, inner epicardium, and myocardium
36
the narrow space between outer and inner layers is filed with
a watery fluid that serves as lubricant
37
what layer is composed of cardiac muscle?
myocardium
38
cardiac muscles
faintly striated, branched, mononucleated, connected by disks
39
every cardiac muscle cell contracts __
with every beat of the heart
40
what creates one-way flow through the heart?
AV valves
41
atrioventricular AV valves
act as one-way valves permitting the flow of blood only from atria to the ventricles
42
the left AV valve
has two flaps and is called the bicupsid valve
43
the right AV valve
has three flaps and is called the tricupsid valve
44
a muscular wall that separates the two ventricles
interventricular septum
45
semi-lunar valves
permit blood to flow into the arteries during ventricular contraction but prevent blood from moving in the opposite direction during ventricular relaxation
46
the opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery contains
pulmonary semi-lunar valve
47
the opening of the left ventricle into the aorta contains
aortic semi-lunar valve
48
how do heart valves act?
in a passive manner, they are open or closed depending upon the pressure differences across them
49
during ventricular contraction,
AV valves remain closed , while semi-lunar valves are open
50
during ventricular relaxation,
AV valves are open, but semi-lunar valves remain closed
51
does the blood in chambers exchange nutrients or products with the myocardial cells?
NO
52
myocardial cells receive their blood supply via
coronary arteries
53
coronary arteries
branching network around myocardial cells from aorta including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
54
most of the cardiac veins drain into
a coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium
55
parasympathetic nervous system controls heart by
innervating cells of the atria using acetylcholine
56
sympathetic nervous system control heart by
innervating the entire heart using norepinephrine
57
what are the receptors for acetylcholine in the heart?
muscarinic receptors
58
what are the receptors for norepinephrine in the heart?
mostly beta-adrenergic
59
efficient pumping of blood requires
atria contract first, followed almost immediately by the ventricles
60
the initial excitation of one cardiac cell to excitation of all cardiac cells is due to
gap junctions
61
the initial depolarization arises from
the sinoatrial node (SA node)
62
where is SA node located
right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava
63
the action potential spreads
from the SA node throughout the atria and ventricles
64
step 1 of heart excitation
atrial excitation begins due to depolarization of SA node
65
step 2 of heart excitation
atrial excitation ends with rapid conduction of depolarization, right and left atria contract at the same time
66
the link between atrial and ventricular depolarization
atrioventricular node (AV node)
67
where is the AV node located?
the base of the right atrium
68
sole electrical connection
a connection between atria and ventricles, formed by the AV node and the bundle of His (AV bundle)
69
step 3 of heart excitation
ventricular excitation begins: slow propagation through the AV node
70
depolarization of the AV node transmits action potentials
down the Bundle of His, to the bundle branches, to the Purkinji fibers, and finally to the ventricular myocardial cells
71
step 4 of heart excitation
ventricular excitation complete: depolarization and contraction to begin earlier in the apex of the ventricles and then spread upwards
72
the result of ventricular excitation upwards
a contraction that moved blood up toward the semi-lunar valves
73
what does the delay in the propagation of action potentials through the AV node allow for?
a completion of atrial contraction
74
pacemaker potential
slow depolarization due to both opening of Na+ channels and closing of K+ channels; the membrane potential is never a flat line
75
depolarization
the action potential begins when the pacemaker potential reaches threshold; depolarization is due to Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels
76
repolarization
Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening; this allow K+ efflux, which brings the membrane potential back to its negative voltage

BIOL 336 (20 decks)

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