1. panic disorder - characterized by recurrent panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

L8 Flashcards by tobyy chan

what is a psychological disorder? (dysfunction)

Psychological breakdown in functioning
- dysfunction in the following areas:
- cognitive
- behavioral
- emotional

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what is a psychological disorder? (personal + response)

personal distress or impairment
- individual vs others (statistical norm/majority)
- appropriateness to situation (social norm/ convention)
- degree of impairment
- frequency
- duration
- severity (intensity)
response is atypical or culturally not expected
harmful dysfunction

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definition of a=psychological disorder

an accepted definition:
“ DSM-5 describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain or impairment.

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Diagnostic and Statistical mandual

DSM-5
prototypes or typical profiles
dimensional estimates of severity of specific disorders

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science of psychopathology

psychopathology: the scientific study psychological disorders
conducted by these practitioners
- no need to remember
focus
- clinical description
- causation (etiology)
- treatment and outcome

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scientist-practitioner model

practice (treatment delivery) and research mutually influence each other
as a scientist-practitioner
- stays current with research in field (consumer of science)
- evaluates own assessment and treatment (evaluator of science)
- conducts research (creator of science)

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clinical description (4 categories)

course
- acute, chronic, episodic, seasonal
symptom
- reported discomforts from patients
onset
- early vs late
4.prognosis
- good vs bad

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clinical description (age of onset)

age of onset may shape presentation
- developmental psychology: the study of changes in behavior over time
- developmental psychopathology: the study of changes in abnormal behavior over time
- life-span developmental psychopathology includes not just childhood and adolescence, but adulthood and old age

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risk factors, treatments, and outcomes

etiology
- what contributes to the development of psychopathology
treatment development
- how can we help alleviate psychological suffering?
- includes pharmacological, psychosocial, and/or combined treatments

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stereotype of psychological disorders

psychological disorders are incurable?
- most of the psychological disorder can be treated successfully
- the recovery model
people with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous?
- only a modest association
- normal people can also be violent under the influence of substance use
they behave in bizarre ways
- true only in a small minority of cases, usually involve relatively severe disorder

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an integrated recovery-oriented model (IRM) for mental health serveices evolution and challenges

remediation + restoration + reconnection -> person

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anxiety-related disorders (overview and types)

overview
- feelings of excessive fear and anxiety
- excessive avoidance tendency
types ( classification in DSM-IV-TR)
- generalized anxiety order
- panic disorder
- phobic disorder/phobia
- obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD)

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generalized anxiety disorder

generalized anxiety disorder
- individual feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger
- free-floating anxiety

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panic disorder

panic disorder
- characterized by recurrent panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

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phobic disorder / phobia

phobic disorder / phobia
- persistent, excessive, and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that mat have no realistic dangers
- the phobic situation is avoided or else is endured with intense anxiety or distress
- prevalence rate~ 7-13%

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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- obsession: recurrent, persistent and distressing thoughts, impulses or images
- fear of germs, doubts of safety
  - compulsion: ritualistic behaviours or mental acts
- e.g. washing, checking, ordering, counting
  - prevalence rate: ~1-2.5%

post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD)

PTSD
- enduring the psychological disturbance due to the experience of a major traumatic event
- 911 incident
  - prevalence rate~8%
symptoms
- re-experiencing the traumatic event in the form of nightmare, flashback, anxiety..
- persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
- more personal injuries -> higher vulnerability
- higher intensity to exposure -> higher intensity of one’s reaction at the time of the events

etiology of anxiety-related disorders

biological factors
- genetic predisposition
- GABA circuits in the brain
- identical twins (100% genes relatedness) have ~35% of concordance rate %
conditioning and learning
- acquired through classical conditioning
- maintained through operant conditioning
cognitive factors
- judgments of perceived threat
stress as a precipitator
- dramatic increase in stress a month prior to the onset of panic disorder

anxiety-related disorders- treatments

possible treatments
- cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT)
- exposure therapy
- woman freaks out over birds e.g.

Mood disorders (overview + types)

overview
- emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social and thought processes
types
- major depressive disorder / unipolar depression
- experiencing depressive episodes ONLY
  - bipolar disorders
- experiencing one or more manic episodes and periods of depressive episodes

major depressive disorder

persistent feeling of sadness and despair
a marked loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
other somatic symptoms:
- significant weight loss or weight gain
- reduced appetite
- insomnia or hypersomnia
- loss of energy
- sense of worthlessness
- recurrent thoughts of sucicide
for two weeks or more
prevalence rate ~9-17%

Bipolar disorder

alternating periods of depressive and manic episodes
previously called manic-depressive disorder
manic episode
- extreme elation
- euphoria
- grandiose thoughts or feelings
- for one week or more

etiology of mood disorder

genetic vulnerability (identical twins more likely)
neurochemical imbalance
- low in serotonin
cognitive factors
- cognitive distortion: negative thinking style
-e.g. draw negative conclusions on oneself or self-worth
-e.g. view future pessimistically
- women>men: women ruminate about setbacks and problems in a more negative way
- postpartum depression
  - learned helplessness
- passing “giving up” by unavoidable aversive events
- e.g. martin seligman dog experiment
precipitating stress
- poor social skills -> less reinforcers such as good friends, more rejection means pessimism -> increased vulnerability to depression

relationship between neurochemical changes, negative thinking

neurochemical changes
- negative thinking <-> depression

Psychosis (Schizophrenia) overview

1. psychosis - a broader term of disorders with hallucinations - delusion -> early psychosis 2. schizophrenia - a type of psychosis with disturbed thought, emotion, behavior - "Schizo" - split, "Phrenia"- mind, in greek - prevalence rate ~1%

Psychosis (Schizophrenia) Positive Symptoms

1. positive symptoms - delusion: false beliefs (even though they clearly are out of touch with reality) - delusion of persecution (e.g. CIA is tracking me) - delusions of broadcasting - shifting of thoughts - delusions of grandeur - hallucinations: distortions of sensory perceptions - auditory, visual or even all senses (e.g. voices telling me to jump out of windows) - cannot distinguish between reality and fantasy

Psychosis (schizophrenia) negative symptoms

1. disorganized speech 2. disturbed behavior 3. inappropriate emotion - over-react/ flattening of emotions - alogia - avolition 4. deterioration of adaptive behaviour - inappropriateness to social situations - e.g. neglect of personal hygiene

etiology of schizophrenia

1. genetic vulnerability - identical twins have the highest concordance rate 2. neurochemical factors -high level of dopamine 3. structural abnormalities of the brain - enlarged ventricle 4. expressed emotion - expression of critical comments, resentment towards others - over-involved emotion (over-protective, over-concerned attitude_ 5. precipitating stress

Psychotherapy (def)

1. treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them understand their problems and work toward solutions 2. the use of psychotherapy aims to change client's patterns of thoughts or behavior to more adaptive ones

psychodynamic therapy

1. treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them gain insights about how their unconscious processes may be causing inner conflicts and impairing daily functions - free association - dream analyses - hypnosis 2. e.g. objects represent sex drive etc

humanistic therapy

1. treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them develop their full potentials for personal growth through insights 1. client-centered therapy - 3 necessary and sufficient conditions for effective therapy - a safe and comforting settings for clients - congruence and genuine - active listening - empathy - unconditional positive regard - acceptance and respect

behavioral therapy

1. treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them unlearn behaviors that negatively affect their functioning - token economies - social skills training - modeling

cognitive therapy

1. treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them change distorted thought pattern that produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions - cognitive restructuring - rational-emotion therapy

cognitive behavioral therapy

1. treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist incorporates techniques from cognitive and behavioral therapy to correct faulty thinking and maladaptive behaviors 2. CBT one of the most effective therapies for many types of psychological disorders - e.g. anxiety disorders, mood disorders and eating disorders etc 3. thoughts <-> feelings <-> behaviors <-> thoughts

exposure-based therapy

1. systematic desensitization - gradual exposure to feared objects or situations with relaxation training 2. exposure therapy to bulldog

family therapy

1. according to the system approach, an individual is a part of a larger context 2. any change in an individual will affect the functioning of the whole system -> disequilibrium 3. this effect s often easiest to see within a family

biological treatment

1. treatment for psychological disorders that is based on medical approaches to illness and disease - psychotropic medications - electroconvulsive therapy - transcranial magnetic stimulation