L4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is memories (definition)
A
- Memory is the RETENTION OF INFORMATION OVER TIME
- a system that
- RECEIVES information from the sense
- ORGANIZES and STORES the information
- RETRIEVES the information as needed - Psychologists study information
- Encoding: transferring information into memory
- Storage: maintaining information in memory
- Retrieval: getting information out of memory
- Forgetting: information loss
2
Q
Encoding: role of attention
A
- Role of Attention
- focus on certain stimuli while screening others out
- we have LIMITED mental resources and so we pay attention dependent on:- meaning of tasks
- similarity between competing tasks
- complexity or difficulty of tasks
- individual ability to control attention
- Daily Applications
- studying while multi-tasking
- talking/ texting on phone while driving - Change blindness - where our focus put (changingman shirt or colour, ape)
3
Q
Encoding: level of processing theory
A
- incoming information is processed at 3 different levels
- structural shallow- emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
- phonemic intermediate - emphasizes what a word sounds like
- semantic deep - emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
- emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
- DEEPER processing = more lasting memory codes
- MORE memory codes = better memory
- e.g Pretty (in red colour)
- structural encoding: how is the word written? all capital letter? colour?
- phonemic encoding: how odes it pronounce? rhyme with “kitty”
- Semantic encoding: what does it means? can i put this word in the sentence?
4
Q
Enriching Encoding
A
- ELABORATION
- linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
- think of an example to illustrate an idea - VISUAL IMAGERY
- create of visual images
- easier for concrete words (e.g. dress, car) than abstract words (e.g. quality, effort) - SELF-REFERENT ENCODING
- make material personally meaningful and relevant to our experiences
5
Q
Three-stage of Memory System
A
- Information-Processing Theories
- sensory memory -> short-term memory -> long term memory
- check L4 slides 13
6
Q
Storage: Sensory Memory / Sensory Register
A
- VERY limited duration
- auditory (echoic) or visual (iconic)
- 1/4 seconds (250ms) - VERY limited capacity
- disappears when no more attention is paid - e.g. Afterimage
7
Q
Storage: Short-term memory (STM)
A
- Serves as a WORK PLACE for mental operations
- a station in which information is TRASNFERRED to long-term memory
- heavily relies on PHONOLOGICAL code
- also called WORKING MEMORY - Limited Duration
- about 20 seconds without rehearsal- e.g. remembering the phone number
- limited capacity - memory span: 7 +- 2 items
- e.g. remembering the phone number
8
Q
Storage: Long-term memory (LTM)
A
- encoding in LTM is mainly SEMANTIC
- unlimited duration and capacity!!! 9permanently? no evidence) - organization of information
- form SCHEMA: a semantic network model
- organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event
- e.g. fire engine (activation of one word spreads to another)
9
Q
types of Long term memory
A
- LTM
- Declarative (explicit memory) -> episodic (events experienced by a person), semantic (facts, general knowledge)
- Procedural (implicit)
- such as motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes
10
Q
relationship between STM & LTM
A
- rehearsal brings info from STM to LTM
- 2 types of rehearsal- maintenance rehearsal: repeating the phonological codes, such as remembering phone number
- elaborative rehearsal: drawing on the meaning
- STM uses materials in LTM to understand information
- CHUNKING: grouping similar
11
Q
Serial-position effect
A
- PRIMACY effect and RECENCY effect
- items presented early in a list and late in a list are typically recalled with higher frequency than words in the middle
- daily life applications (think of the figure)- meeting a group of new friends
- presentation arrangement
- examination revision
- early position in a list: rehearsal
- late positions: short term memory
12
Q
Chunking
A
- STM uses materials in LTM to understand information
- CHUNKING: grouping similar stimuli for storage as a single unit - e.g.
FBINBACIAIBM
FBI-NBA-CIA-IBM
13
Q
Hippocampus
A
- biological support for the distinct between STM and LTM
- critical for LTM but not STM - real case in human
- Henry Molaiso
- amnesia following brain surgery to correct severe epilepsy in 1953
- cannot remember things happened since 1953 (e.g. what he did yesterday)
14
Q
Retrieval: cues
A
- retrieval cues
- free recall vs cued recall- cues refer to stimuli that help us remember
- free recall vs recognition - e.g. Essay vs MCQ (with plenty of retrieval cues)
- more information is available (or is stored) in memory than is accessible
- prime our thinking
- cues refer to stimuli that help us remember
15
Q
Retrieval: experiment
A
1.donation
- experimental group: with retrieval cue ( e.g. image of monster)
- another experimental group: written reminder condition
- control condition: no signs
2. experimental group with image performs better
