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psy > L5 > Flashcards

L5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Consciousness?

A
  1. Awareness of internal(mental) and external(environmental) events or stimuli
    - a knowledge of being and subjective experiences
    - e.g. self-awareness develops around 18-month old when infants recognize themselves in the mirror
  2. state of wakefulness
    - more characterized by sensory perception
    - varying levels of information processing
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2
Q

Nature of consciousness

A
  1. not all-or-none phenomenon but a continuum of different levels
  2. Awareness = cortico-thalamo network
  3. wakefulness = brainstem
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3
Q

levels of consciousness by Freud

A
  1. conscious: part of the mind that is being aware of
  2. unconscious: part of the mind that is kept away from awareness
  3. preconscious: memories that are not currently activated but are ready to be recalled
    - e.g. what you had for breakfast today, someone’s phone number
  4. subconscious: a store of information that operates below conscious awareness and influences out automatic responses
    - e.g. intuition, implicit belief
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4
Q

how to measure consciousness

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)!!!
    - best physiological index of variations in consciousness
    - measure electrical activity (brain wave) from the brain cortex ( the outer layer of the cerebrum) over time
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5
Q

brain waves in sleep and wakefulness

A

1.beta: normal waking though, alert problem solving
2. alpha: deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation
3. theta: light sleep
4. delta: deep sleep
5. frequencies decreases
5. depends on amplitude and frequency

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6
Q

other neuroimaging techniques

A
  1. PET scans (positron-emission tomography)
  2. CT scans (computerized tomography)
  3. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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7
Q

what is Biological Clock/ body clock

A
  1. biological rhythm
    - periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
    - people generally fall asleep as their body temperature begins to drop (after 7pm) and awaken as it begins to ascend once again (after 6 am)
    - matches with the day and night -> circadian rhythm
  2. recall the graph about
    - alertness
    - core body temperature
    - secretion of growth hormone
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8
Q

what is circadian rhythm

A
  1. bodily biological changes that repeat every day (24hour)
    - e.g. your stomach calls you to eat at 9am, 12nn, 8pm
    - e.g. you have sleep desire at 9pm (as your body temperature drops)
  2. governed by:
    - internal brain structure: hypothalamus (for altering consciousness)
    - external environmental factors, e.g. temperature and lightness of the surroundings
  3. recall the circle of time and body changes
    - 04.30: lowest body temperature
    - 06.45: sharpest rise in blood pressure
    - 18.30: highest blood pressure and body temperature
    - 21.00: melatonin secretion starts
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9
Q

what is chronotype

A
  1. chronotype is a classification system that is unique to your genetics
  2. human beings all have our own circadian rhythm
  3. it can help you understand when you are most active during the day to optimize your sleep routine and boost your productivity
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10
Q

morning and evening people

A
  1. cycle can differ between people and lead to different patterns of wakefulness and alertness
  2. changes as a function of time
    - young children are morning people
    - adolescents are often night people
  3. as an adult, it partially depends upon genetics
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11
Q

four chronotypes

A
  1. most people can associate with one of four animal chronotype categories
  2. bear, lion, wolf, dolphin
  3. benefits of knowing your chronotype
    - you can adjust your life to take advantage of your internal clock ad utilize better times for eating, working and even for intimacy
    - choosing the very best times to sleep will give you extra energy and vitality during the day
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12
Q

Circadian rhythm and sleep

A
  1. sleep is believed to be regulated by:
    - brain structure called SCN
    • sensitive to light received by the eyes
      - secretion of melatonin
    • increases at night but lower in daytime
    • enhance desire to sleep
      - temperature
    • lower to sleep but increase to wake up
  2. think about in daily life
    - jet lag / shift rotation
    - how do these relate to circadian rhythm
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13
Q

how does daily life such as jet lag/shift rotation relate to circadian rhythm

A
  1. when your biological clock is not compatible with the environment, your consciousness will be compromised
  2. for example
    - you go to a place with 6-hour time lag and you are at 5pm now
    - your clock tells you its time to bed (11pm)
    - melatonin increases at usual but light goes to your eyes
    SCN activates and tried to suppress the melatonin secretion
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14
Q

sleep cycle

A
  1. people usually think sleep is a uniform state of physical and mental inactivity (wrong)
    - the brain is “turned off”
  2. in a typical night of sleep, brain activities (measured by EEG) and other bodily changes show cycles of activities that repeat several times throughout the night
    - brain waves
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15
Q

Sleep: non-REM and REM stage

A
  1. Non-REM
    - stage 1
    • light sleep
    • last for 1-7 minutes
    • theta wave (low amplitude, low frequency)
      - stage 2
    • bodily responses decline
    • last for about 10-25 minutes
    • “sleep spindle” (high frequency)
      - stage 3 + 4
      -slow-wave sleep (deep sleep)
    • last for about 30 minutes
    • delta wave (high amplitude, low frequency)
  2. REM
    - stage 5
    • Rapid eye movement (REM)
    • muscle extremely relaxed, sleeper virtually paralyzed, irregular breathing and pulse rate
    • beta wave (low amplitude, high frequency)
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16
Q

Non-Rem and REM sleep description

A
  1. brain waves of REM
  2. believed to be related to dream
  3. 80-90% waken in sleep lab during REM also reported dreaming
  4. Non-REM
    - body: relaxed
    brain activity: inactive
  5. REM
    - body: immobile
    - brain activity: ACTIVE
  6. think: why do some poeple say about their experience of “being slept on by ghosts”?
17
Q

sleep cycle

A
  1. last for about 90 minutes
  2. 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5!!! -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5!!! -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1
  3. a fast low-voltage brain wave characterizes wakefulness
  4. the last REM period of the night has the fastest eye movements and may be the period from which dreams are best remembered
18
Q

need for sleep

A
  1. an average of 8.5 per nights
  2. REM sleep decreases over the life span
    - infants: 50%
    - adults: 20%
    - elderly: 15%
    • REM sleep helps secrete growth hormone
19
Q

deprivation of sleep

A
  1. deprivation of REM sleep
    - irritability, increased anxiety and impaired concentration
    - serious impairment in memory, attention, and can even cause hallucination
    - more need for deep or REM sleep
    - “Rebound effect”!!! : higher desire when more deprived
  2. functions of sleep (2 hypotheses)
    - conservation of energy (increase in glucose in brain)
    - restoration of physical (production of immune cells) and mental functioning (connecting of neuron bonding)
20
Q

REM and NERM sleep functions (physical and mental activities)

A
  1. vigorous physical activities increases NREM
  2. mental activities (e.g. new learning) increase REM
  3. REM and NREM serves different functions
    - NREM has more to do with bodily functioning
    - REM has more to do with mental activities
21
Q

Sleep well: biological approach

A
  1. medication!
    - sedatives may reduce REM
    - Melatonin: resynchronize the biological clock
    • side effects: dependency
  2. light therapy
    - exposure to bright light: SCN makes you alert
22
Q

Sleep well: traditional or folk beliefs

A
  1. traditional beliefs
    - reduce stress
    • diaphragmatic breathing!!!
    • relaxing atmosphere
  2. lifestyle medicine
    - exercise, proper diet, reduce caffeine, warm bath, avoid nap
23
Q

other sleep problems

A
  1. narcolepsy
    - goes directly from wakefulness to REM
  2. sleep apnea
    - reflexive gasping
    - stop breathing for minimum for 10 seconds
  3. sleep walking
    - occur during first 2 hours, in slow-wave sleep (stage 3/4)
    - unknown causes
    - safe to awake the sleepwalker
24
Q

what are dreams

A
  1. an universal human experience that can be described as a state of consciousness
    - characterized by sensory, cognitive and emotional occurrences during sleep
  2. dreamers have reduced control over the content, visual images and activation of the memory
25
Q

blind people dream

A
  1. innate
    - not able to see any images, but have equally amount of involving their other senses and emotions
  2. acquired
    - able to see images in their dream
26
Q

types of dreams

A
  1. daydreams
  2. lucid dreams
  3. nightmares
  4. recurring dreams
  5. epic dreams
  6. deja vu
27
Q

dayream

A
  1. day dreaming occurs when you are half awake, and it is the imagining or remembering of images or experiences in the past or future
28
Q

lucid dreams

A
  1. lucid dreams occur when you realize you are dreaming
  2. dreamer can reassure that him/herself that it is only a dream and that he or she will soon awaken
29
Q

nightmare

A
  1. nightmare is a disturbing dream that causes you to wake up feeling anxious and frightened
  2. nightmares may also occur because you have ignored or refused to accept a particular life situation
30
Q

recurring dreams

A
  1. recurring dreams repeat themselves with little variation in story or theme
  2. these dreams may be positive, but most often they are nightmarish in content
31
Q

epic dreams

A
  1. they are so memorable and vivid, that we simply cannot ignore them
  2. its details remain in your memory for years, as if you have dreamt it last night
32
Q

deja vu

A
  1. when a person has done something and they experience the same feelings or the feeling that one has lived through the present situation before
33
Q

functions and theories of dreams

A
  1. what people dream about
    - certain themes are very common
    • sex, aggression, misfortune…usually personal things
      - related to daily life experience
      - freud called it “day residue!!!!!”
34
Q

studies about dream

A
  1. as day residue or simply a suppression?
    - study by Wegner in a sleep lab
    • half people are asked to avoid thinking about a certain person before falling asleep
    • half people are asked to deliberately think about that person before falling asleep
    • results: those suppressed would come up in dreams more
  2. affected by external stimuli?
    - study by Dement in a sleep lab
    • half people are sprayed water on one hand when they are in REM sleep while the rest half are not results: 42% included water in the dream, such as rainfall, baths or floods etc
35
Q

why do people dream

A
  1. freud: dreams as wish fulfillment
    - the day residue shapes dreams that satisfy unconscious needs
  2. cartwright: the problem-solving view
    - we think through major problems in our lives
  3. Hobson: activation synthesis model
    - a story is created to make sense of internal signals
36
Q

dreams are wish fulfillment

A
  1. sigmund freud
    - psychoanalysis: dream analysis
    - interpretation of dream contents
  2. a way to fulfill unconscious wishes!!!
    - a person who is sexually frustrated tend to have highly erotic dreams
    - an unsuccessful person dream about great accomplishment
  3. dreams contain symbols that has meaning
    - symbols are HARMLESS and NOT THREATENING
    - dream can protect us from threatening unconscious thoughts
  4. Freud believed (1900):
    - male sex symbols: long objects, sticks, umbrellas, and pencils
    - female sex symbols: hollow things, caves, jars and keyholes
37
Q

dream as problem-solving

A
  1. continuity between waking and sleeping though
  2. allow people to engage in creative thinking as dreams are not restrained by logics or realism
38
Q

activations-synthesis hypothesis

A
  1. activation
    - random neural activation in REM sleep from the inner part of brain to cortex
  2. synthesis
    - cerebral cortex constructs dreams to make sense of the signals

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