L7 Organs & systems Flashcards
define ventilation
exchange of gases between medium & cell through diffusion, currents required for oxygen to flow to/from membrane
define diffusion
movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration
identify the purpose of circulatory systems
to link exchange surfaces with cells & tissues throughout body
compare open vs closed circulatory systems
open - large volume of hemolymph fluid, low pressure system, most invertebrates
closed - small volume of blood, high pressure system, vertebrates
compare osmoconformers vs osmoregulators
conformers - isosmotic with surroundings, do not regulate osmolarity, may also ionoregulate
regulators - expend energy to control water uptake/loss in environment
compare hypoosmotic vs hyperosmotic vs isosmotic
hypoosmotic - lower osmolarity / salt
hyperosmotic - higher osmolarity
isosmotic - equal osmolarity - water
define ionoregulate
increase solutes to conform with outside
identify & describe 3 nitrogenous wastes
ammonia - least expensive, aquatic animals
urea - less toxic but expensive, mammals/amphibians
uric acid - much less toxic (reduces water loss) but most expensive, reptiles/birds
diet provides:
chemical energy -> ATP via mitachondria
organic building blocks -> organic molecules
essential nutrients required by cells
identify the 4 stages of food processing
ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination
define ingestion
intake of food
compare the two modes of digestion
both break down food to absorb
mechanical - chewing
chemical - splitting into molecules to pass through membranes
define absorption in food processing
uptake of nutrients by body cells
define elimination in food processing
passage of undigested material out of digestive system
compare active vs passive ventilation
active - animals create ventilatory currents, more energy but reliable
passive - environmental currents induce flow
define unidirectional active ventilation
air/water is pumped over membrane in one way
define tidal ventilation
air/water alternatively flows to/from membrane via same passages (mammalian lungs)
define nondirectional ventilation
air/water flows across membrane in many directions
identify 3 different respiratory structures
gills in aquatic animals
tracheal systems in invertebrates
lungs in terrestrial animals
explain the process of respiration in gills
body outfoldings create large surface area for gas exchange, must involve movement
countercurrent exchange system
explain the countercurrent exchange system
blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills, blood is less saturated with oxygen than water it meets
explain the process of respiration in tracheal systems
tiny branching tubes penetrate the body to supply oxygen from air directly to body cells
explain the process of respiration in lungs
air passes through pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi/bronchioles -> alveoli (gas exchange occurs)
oxygen diffuses in capillaries, co2 -> lungs
what are capillaries made of?
alveoli, which are made up of alveolus sacs
compare negative vs positive pressure breathing
negative - sucking air in (mammals)
positive - forcing air down trachea (amphibians)
give examples of underwater adaptations for breathing in diving mammals
storing/stockpiling oxygen
decreasing blood supply to muscles
get oxygen from fermentation in body
define respiratory pigments & provide examples
proteins that transport & increase amount of oxygen blood can carry
e.g. hemocyanin, haemoglobin
____ take blood away from the heart while ____ take blood to the heart
arteries . . . veins
blood is made up of:
plasma
erythrocytes (red blood cells) carriers of oxygen
leukocytes (white blood cells) for defense
platelets/thrombocytes for coagulation
describe the processes the take place in the lymphatic system
fluid is lost out of capillaries during cell exchange -> lymphatic systems -> neck veins
keeps pathogens from entering blood & produce/distributes white blood cells
define osmoregulation
the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in fluids of an organism, by control of water/salt concentrations
what happens to blood cells in hyperosmotic vs hypoosmotic vs isosmotic solutions?
hyper - cells shrivel / too much salt
hypo - cells swell & burst / too much water
isosmotic - normal / equal
the form that an animal’s nitrogenous wastes take reflects its _____ & ______
phylogeny . . . habitat
identify the purpose of excretory systems
to refine filtrate from body fluids
compare protonephridia vs metanephridia vs malphigian tublues (exceretory systems)
protonephridia - dead-end tubules network connected to external openings (planaria)
metanephridia - produce dilute urine by collecting fluids through tubules (earthworms)
malphigian tubules - produce dry waste by removing wastes from surrounding fluids (insects)
animal cells take in oxygen & sugars to metabolise them into ____
ATP / adenotriphosphate / form of energy
identify the 4 classes of essential nutrients
essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals
identify the purpose of the duodenum in the small intestine
gets digestive enzymes from other organs to finish chemical digestion
identify the purpose of peristalsis
to push food down from pharynx to esophagus
provide examples on feeding adaptations in vertebrates
dentition, stomach & intestine, expendable stomach
