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ANM103 > L7 Organs & systems > Flashcards

L7 Organs & systems Flashcards

1
Q

define ventilation

A

exchange of gases between medium & cell through diffusion, currents required for oxygen to flow to/from membrane

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2
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration

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3
Q

identify the purpose of circulatory systems

A

to link exchange surfaces with cells & tissues throughout body

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4
Q

compare open vs closed circulatory systems

A

open - large volume of hemolymph fluid, low pressure system, most invertebrates
closed - small volume of blood, high pressure system, vertebrates

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5
Q

compare osmoconformers vs osmoregulators

A

conformers - isosmotic with surroundings, do not regulate osmolarity, may also ionoregulate
regulators - expend energy to control water uptake/loss in environment

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6
Q

compare hypoosmotic vs hyperosmotic vs isosmotic

A

hypoosmotic - lower osmolarity / salt
hyperosmotic - higher osmolarity
isosmotic - equal osmolarity - water

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7
Q

define ionoregulate

A

increase solutes to conform with outside

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8
Q

identify & describe 3 nitrogenous wastes

A

ammonia - least expensive, aquatic animals
urea - less toxic but expensive, mammals/amphibians
uric acid - much less toxic (reduces water loss) but most expensive, reptiles/birds

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9
Q

diet provides:

A

chemical energy -> ATP via mitachondria
organic building blocks -> organic molecules
essential nutrients required by cells

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10
Q

identify the 4 stages of food processing

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

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11
Q

define ingestion

A

intake of food

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12
Q

compare the two modes of digestion

A

both break down food to absorb
mechanical - chewing
chemical - splitting into molecules to pass through membranes

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13
Q

define absorption in food processing

A

uptake of nutrients by body cells

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14
Q

define elimination in food processing

A

passage of undigested material out of digestive system

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15
Q

compare active vs passive ventilation

A

active - animals create ventilatory currents, more energy but reliable
passive - environmental currents induce flow

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16
Q

define unidirectional active ventilation

A

air/water is pumped over membrane in one way

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17
Q

define tidal ventilation

A

air/water alternatively flows to/from membrane via same passages (mammalian lungs)

18
Q

define nondirectional ventilation

A

air/water flows across membrane in many directions

19
Q

identify 3 different respiratory structures

A

gills in aquatic animals
tracheal systems in invertebrates
lungs in terrestrial animals

20
Q

explain the process of respiration in gills

A

body outfoldings create large surface area for gas exchange, must involve movement
countercurrent exchange system

21
Q

explain the countercurrent exchange system

A

blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills, blood is less saturated with oxygen than water it meets

22
Q

explain the process of respiration in tracheal systems

A

tiny branching tubes penetrate the body to supply oxygen from air directly to body cells

23
Q

explain the process of respiration in lungs

A

air passes through pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi/bronchioles -> alveoli (gas exchange occurs)
oxygen diffuses in capillaries, co2 -> lungs

24
Q

what are capillaries made of?

A

alveoli, which are made up of alveolus sacs

25
Q

compare negative vs positive pressure breathing

A

negative - sucking air in (mammals)
positive - forcing air down trachea (amphibians)

26
Q

give examples of underwater adaptations for breathing in diving mammals

A

storing/stockpiling oxygen
decreasing blood supply to muscles
get oxygen from fermentation in body

27
Q

define respiratory pigments & provide examples

A

proteins that transport & increase amount of oxygen blood can carry
e.g. hemocyanin, haemoglobin

28
Q

____ take blood away from the heart while ____ take blood to the heart

A

arteries . . . veins

29
Q

blood is made up of:

A

plasma
erythrocytes (red blood cells) carriers of oxygen
leukocytes (white blood cells) for defense
platelets/thrombocytes for coagulation

30
Q

describe the processes the take place in the lymphatic system

A

fluid is lost out of capillaries during cell exchange -> lymphatic systems -> neck veins
keeps pathogens from entering blood & produce/distributes white blood cells

31
Q

define osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in fluids of an organism, by control of water/salt concentrations

32
Q

what happens to blood cells in hyperosmotic vs hypoosmotic vs isosmotic solutions?

A

hyper - cells shrivel / too much salt
hypo - cells swell & burst / too much water
isosmotic - normal / equal

33
Q

the form that an animal’s nitrogenous wastes take reflects its _____ & ______

A

phylogeny . . . habitat

34
Q

identify the purpose of excretory systems

A

to refine filtrate from body fluids

35
Q

compare protonephridia vs metanephridia vs malphigian tublues (exceretory systems)

A

protonephridia - dead-end tubules network connected to external openings (planaria)
metanephridia - produce dilute urine by collecting fluids through tubules (earthworms)
malphigian tubules - produce dry waste by removing wastes from surrounding fluids (insects)

36
Q

animal cells take in oxygen & sugars to metabolise them into ____

A

ATP / adenotriphosphate / form of energy

37
Q

identify the 4 classes of essential nutrients

A

essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals

38
Q

identify the purpose of the duodenum in the small intestine

A

gets digestive enzymes from other organs to finish chemical digestion

39
Q

identify the purpose of peristalsis

A

to push food down from pharynx to esophagus

40
Q

provide examples on feeding adaptations in vertebrates

A

dentition, stomach & intestine, expendable stomach

ANM103 (10 decks)

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