L1: Evol, history, & geology

Question 1

what is evolution?

Answer 1

descent with modification

Question 2

what is a mutation?

Answer 2

error in the DNA code & responsible variability

Question 3

what is natural selection?

Answer 3

mutations increase or decrease survival & reproductive success

Question 4

identify the linnean system of classification

Answer 4

kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

Question 5

earliest known animals appeared . . . MYA

Answer 5

650 MYA

Question 6

identify the general properties of living things

Answer 6

• made of macromolecules (complex assemblies of large molecules)
• reproduce themselves
• hierarchal organisation
• obtain nutrients through surroundings
• life cycle & development
• interacts with surroundings

Question 7

what are molecules?

Answer 7

groups of atoms bonded together & smallest fundamental unit that can participate in a chemical reaction

Question 8

identify the purpose of molecules

Answer 8

help form cell structure, pigments, hormones

Question 9

what is DNA & RNA?

Answer 9

deoxyribonucleic acid & ribonucleic acid - the base of life by providing instructions & making proteins

Question 10

what are proteins?

Answer 10

molecule made up of amino acids & act as enzymes, transporters, hormones

Question 11

how many proteins in a human body?

Answer 11

over 100,000

Question 12

what is an amino acid?

Answer 12

formed by an amino & carboxyl group, combining to create proteins

Question 13

how many amino acids are there?

Answer 13

20

Question 14

amino acids form . . . , which form proteins

Answer 14

peptides

Question 15

how do amino acids form proteins? (list the structures)

Answer 15

primary structure: sequence of amino acids
secondary structure: folding of sheet or helix
tertiary & quaternary structure: combine & fold to make proteins

Question 16

identify the 4 nucleotides & their complimentary pairs

Answer 16

adenine & thymine
cytosine & guanine

Question 17

identify the difference in nucleotides in RNA

Answer 17

thymine is replaced with uracil

Question 18

what is the sugar phosphate backbone?

Answer 18

2 strands connected by the base pairs - runs from a 5’ (5 prime) to a 3’ end & each backbone goes in an opposite direction

Question 19

what are codons?

Answer 19

triplet base pair combinations that code for an amino acid. certain codons determine when the code should start & stop

Question 20

describe the process of transcription

Answer 20

• RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter region
• nucleotides added to RNA strand in 5’ to 3’ direction
• continues until termination signal on DNA strand
• result: single stranded mRNA

Question 21

describe the process of translation

Answer 21

• occurs after transcription
• single stranded mRNA uses a ribosome to translate code into peptides
• these form a chain (a polypeptide) which attach to amino acids

Question 22

identify different kinds of mutations

Answer 22

point mutations (one base changes)
insertion (DNA added into existing sequence)
deletion (removal of DNA segment)
duplication (second copying of same segment)
inversion (flipped around from original)

Question 23

what is the genome?

Answer 23

full set of genetic information in a cell, split into chromosomes

Question 24

DNA is wound around . . . into the shape of a chromosome

Answer 24

histones

Question 25

what is lysis?

Answer 25

breaking open the cell through outer membrane

Question 26

what is PCR?

Answer 26

polymerase chain reaction - method to amplify DNA sequences

Question 27

what is gel electrophoresis?

Answer 27

method to separate components (DNA, RNA, proteins) based on molecular size