L7: Microbial Biomes

Question 1

What are the parameters for diversity of soil

Answer 1

spatially, temporally

Question 2

Explain each soil parameter

Answer 2

• spatially: heterogenous
  
  • pockets of different nutrients, minerals + particles with different arrangments
• temporally: heterogenous
  
  • sunlight, water, temp
  • opp for diverse organisms

Question 3

Describe a biome with specific headings

Answer 3

O2: Aeorbic if wet, aneorbic if wet?
ED+EA: metals, carbons
C source: decaying biomass, CO2
Sunlight: YES/NO

Question 4

What are patters in soil microbial diversity

Answer 4

• alpha highest at warm + warm areas
• alpha lowest in cold or dry areas

Question 5

Where do most cells live

Answer 5

• most live 10cm below the surface
• the surface is more disturbed
• deepest: less carbon input

Question 6

What are most soil microogranisms and why

Answer 6

• heterotrophs
• plant primary production produces so much carbon than any microbe
• the plant also reduce amount of sunlight in ground
  
  • so hard for the light eaters (photosythesiors)
• however, no plants ⇒ autotrophs (cus no nothing)

Question 7

Describe soil + rhizosphere gradient

Answer 7

• rhizosphere: everyone uses the same electron, carbon, energy sources
  
  • high biomass + activity
  • lower diversity (cus everyone is eating the same, those who eat different are out competed)
• Detrisusphere
  
  • dead litter
• Bulk soil
  
  • greater diversity of e-, carbon + energy source
  • lower microbial biomass
  • higher diversity cause food is so different

Question 8

What are trends in rhizosphere

Answer 8

• moving away from root
  
  • diverity up
  • biomass + activity down
  • r strategist fast growth rate to k stategist low growth rate
  • pathogens increase: cause rizhzophere microbes outcompete pathogens and have really nice vibes going

Question 9

What are endophytes

Answer 9

bacteria living in plant root

Question 10

What do fungai come from

Answer 10

form mycorrhizal associations with plants

Question 11

Desrcibe the attraction between bacteria and rhizosphere

Answer 11

• r attracted to plant by signalling components + root nodules

Question 12

What is Rhizobium symbiosis

Answer 12

• N fixing root nodules in legumes give plant ammonia
• plant gives nodules carbon

Question 13

What is Phyllosphere

Answer 13

total above ground surface of the plant
- more limited than soil = less diverse
- survive by secreting hormons, biosurfacts, pigments to protect

Question 14

What is in the deep surface

Answer 14

chemolithotrophs
use WoodL (not energy intensive)

Question 15

Marine Microbial habitats

Answer 15

• has different characteristic zones
• temportally homogenous within zones

Question 16

Go through each marine zone microbial diversity

Answer 16

Photic
* O2: yes
* ED: C compounds, water, some dissolved metals
* EA: O2, nitrate, sulfate
* C source: Limited, necromasses
* Sun: yes
* Nutrients: nah

Aphotic
* O2: limited
* ED: C compunds, water, dissolved metals
* EA: nitrate, sulfate
* C: limited, necromasses
* Sun: No
* Nutrien: nah

Ozygen minimum
* O2: no
* ED: C compounds, metals, dissolved metals
* EA: O2, Nitrate, Sulfate
* C source: necromasses
* Sun: yes
* Nutrients: nah

Question 17

Trends in microbial marine diversity

Answer 17

1. species richness increases with depth even though less cells
2. beta diversity: more or less the same, decreases with depth (same same)
3. functional richness: increases with depth

Question 18

What are pelagibacterales

Answer 18

ruler of ocean
most succesful clase of organisms on earth
* hetetrophic, low nutrient, small (high SA:V), small genome

Question 19

Discuss marine food web

Answer 19

c courses: CO2, DOC, water
high molecular weight can only be degraded with extracellular enzymes
cells die become DOC
hetreophs breathe and procde CO2

Question 20

What is the phycosphere

Answer 20

• mucus rich region surrounging phytoplankton cells
• immediate environemnt around is oxygen + organic rich
• lower diverity but higher activity
• includes nitrogen fixing bac

Question 21

Characterisitics of oxygen minimum zones

Answer 21

• too deep for photosyntheisis = no oxygen
• eutrophic nutrient rich conditions = hetropthic activity = O consumed
• limited lateral ocean movment = no oxygen coming
  chemolithoautotrophs

Question 22

Freshwater habitats

Answer 22

not as homogenous as ocean

Question 23

Sediment microbial communities

Answer 23

soil/water intermediate
- minerals + C source
- waterlogged = homogenised effect
O2: at surface
ED: metals, carbon
EA: metals, sulfate
C couse: necromass
Sun: maybe
nutrint: depends