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MICR450 > L3: Bioenergetics 2 > Flashcards

L3: Bioenergetics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do lithotrophs get energy

A
  • follow tower of e- from inorganic compounds
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2
Q

What is the 1 problem with lithotrophy, solution

A

NAD(P)H is needed to provide reducing power for most biosyntheic anabolic reactors cannot move up tower
Ans: Reverse elentron flow. Moving back up the tower requiring ATP. This is done by consuming PMF that is used to make NADH

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3
Q

Difference between reverse electron flow and forward electron flow

A

reverse consume PMF to make NADH
forward produces PMF to make ATP

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4
Q

What is the second problem with lithotrophy

A

Solubility, many lithotrophic e- donors + TEA are insoluable meaning they cannot go through the membrane
solution:
common: membrane bound terminal reductase works by having direct contact from cell surface + insoluable materia
rare: secretion of e- shuttles to carry e- to the insoluable mineral

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5
Q

Where do phototrophs get their energy from and name 4 examples

A

from sunglight
1. cyanobacteria
2. purple sulfur bacteria
3. purple non sulfur bacteria
4. green bactera

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6
Q

4 phototrophs pathways

A
  1. Retinal based proton pumps
  2. Anoxygenic photosystem 1
  3. Anoxygenic photosystem 2
  4. Oxygenic Z pathway
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7
Q

What happens in retinal based proton pumps

A
  1. sunlight energy activates retinal, light absorbing in bacteriorhodopsin
  2. allows rhodospin to push protons out of the cell creating a gradeint
    simple + effective
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8
Q

What happens in anoxygenic photosytem 1

A
  • Chlorphyll 1 based, organism takes electrons from e- donor
  • sunlight activates PS1 allowing it to push e- up the tower
  • electrons fall down to reduce NAD+ to NADH
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9
Q

What happens in anoxygenic photosystem 2

A
  1. chlorophyl 2 based
  2. sunlight energy is used to strip e- from bacteriochlorophyll and push them up the tower
  3. e- transfered from etc to make PMF
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10
Q

What happens in anoxygenic photosystem 2

A
  1. chlorophyl 2 based
  2. sunlight energy is used to strip e- from bacteriochlorophyll and push them up the tower
  3. e- transfered from etc to make PMF
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11
Q

Oxygenic Z pathway

A

aerobic PSII + I
1. PSII: stips e- from e- to make oxygen, sunlight energy pushes e- from the tower, e- move down etc make ATP
2. PSI: e- transfered to PSI, sunlight energy hitting PSI pushes e- up the tower
3. these high energy e- used to generate NADH

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12
Q

Name the 6 methods of carbon fixation

A
  1. Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
  2. Reductive (reverse) TCA cycle
  3. 3-hydroxyproprionate bi-cycle
  4. 3-hydroxyproprionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle
  5. Wood-Ljungdahl (reductive acetyl-CoA) pathway
  6. dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle
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13
Q

Calvin Benson Basshan Cycle, Problem+Solution

A

aerobic autotrophs
requires a lot of energy input
key enzyme: RuBisCO which condesencing RuBP and CO2
- to prevent wasteful photorespiration, they have carboxysoomes

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14
Q

What are carboxysomes

A

organelles that let in CO2 while keeping out oxygen

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15
Q

Discuss reductive reverse TCA

A
  • reverse TCA
  • for anaerobic autotrophs
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16
Q

What happens in 3-hydroxyproprionate bi-cycle

A
  • green sulfur bacteria
  • first attempt at anoxygenic autotrophy
17
Q

What is 3-hydroxyproprionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle

A
  • archeal pathway
  • less input for as much output = very efficient
18
Q

What is Wood-Ljungdahl

A
  • uses e- as donor and CO2 as TEA
  • lots of energy input (cause moving up), however energy is conserved because it can create PMF which can produce ATP
  • results in acetate production
  • aneorbic (acetogens + methanogens)
  • key enzyme: carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
19
Q

What do heterotrophs do, and main concepts

A

energy from carbon sources
1. some can go across cell membrane some cannot
2. carbon sources on varyng solubility, which is the difference between dissolved oxygen and particulate matter

20
Q

What is the role of osmotrophy, extracellular enzymes and phagotrophy

A

O: consumption DOM that diffuses actively/passivley transported across membrane
E: secrete enzymes to degarde POM into chunks that can be diffused across membranes
P: englufs organic matter via endocytosis

21
Q

What do these prefixes mean: photo + chemo, organo + litho, hetero + auto

A

energy: sunlight + breaking chem compounds
e-: organic compounds + inorganic compounds
carbon: organic or CO2

MICR450 (17 decks)

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