L7 Lower airways Flashcards
Describe the cartilage rings of the trachea in different species
mammals have incomplete rings dorsally
birds have complete and overlapping cartilage rings
What connects the cartilages of the trachea
annular ligament
Which muscle forms the roof of the trachea
trachealis
Describe relative tracheal shapes of dogs/ ox/ horse
dog’s & horses compressed dorsoventrally.
Cow’s compressed laterally.
Horses cartilages kinda overlapping
What is the carina
a cartilage situated at the point where the trachea (windpipe) divides into the two bronchi.
what kind of receptors provide sensory innervation to the trachea and some parts of the lungs
mechanoreceptors
describe the branching on the bronchial tree
trachea > bronchi > bronchial tree (= principle, lobar 2ary bronchus, segmental 3ary bronchus, small bronchus, bronchiole terminal bronchiole ….
Describe the branching beyond the terminal bronchiole
there is no further branching.
Bronchiole becomes respiratory alveolar, alveolar duct, alveolar sac
how does the cartilages differ between the trachea and bronchi
bronchi have cartilaginous plates instead of rings
what is a bronchopulmonary segment
segment of bronchus and the lung tissue that it ventilates
What is a pulmonary acinus
respiratory bronchiole and the lung tissue that it ventilates (many alveoli in the walls of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs)
What primitive foetal structure is the respiratory parenchyma derived from?
endoderm
Describe the cartilaginous rings of a birds trachea
complete rings
palpate on R neck
where does a bird’s trachea bifurcate
dorsal to base of heart
Where is a birds syrinx?
point of tracheal bifurcation
What is the pessulus?
wedge shaped cartilage at point of tracheal bifurcation
Caudal to the pessulus in a birds RT, where can tympanic membranes be found?
lateral and medial walls of the principle bronchi
describe the branching of a bird/s bronchi
2x principle bronchi > secondary bronchi > branch into tertiary parabronchi which anastomose with each other
Describe the morphology of the respiratory capillaries in birds
air capillaries form loops from walls of parabronchi and back to parabvroncih
which bronchi do the airsacs connect to?
2ard bronchi
do birds have a diaphragm
no
what is the location of birds airsacs
between thoracic and abdominal viscera
name the cranial airsacs
From cranial to caudal, Cervical (unpaired) Clavicular (unpaired) cranial thoracic (paired) some species also have cervicocephalic
name the caudal air sacs
caudal thoracic (paired) abdominal (paired)
what is the function of the cranial air sacs
receive stale air from the lungs and expel back through trachea
What is the function of the caudal airsacs
supply fresh air to lungs
what happens in a bird upon inspiration
air flows into lungs and caudal air sacs which pushes stale air from lungs into cranial air sacs
what haps in a bird upon expiration
air sacs are compressed and fresh air pushed from caudal airsacs into lungs and air from cranial airsacs into the trachea for expulsion