L17 Disease of Airways

Question 1

how can URT defences be compromised?

Answer 1

impaired MCC, excessive mucus (coughing), chronic inflammation, toxin, infection, squamous metaplasia, ciliary dyskinesia.

Question 2

What is a chemical defence part of the URT?

Answer 2

lactoferrin which binds Fe making it unavailable to bacteria

Lysozyme
B defensive peptides
Secretory IgA
Leukocytes

Question 3

what is choanal atresia

Answer 3

when the choana canal stays closed due to failure of recanaliasation of the airways

Membrane b/w nose and nasopharynx

Question 4

What is palatochisis

Answer 4

palatine shelves don’t fuse to nasal septum. Cant suck. Aspiration pneumonia. If chronic (adult) –> chronic rhinitis

Question 5

What is chelioschisis

Answer 5

failure of lip fusion at philtrum

Question 6

What are stenotic nares

Answer 6

nose cartilages that lack ridigity so collapse upon inspiration

Question 7

what is a common cause of nasal congestion

Answer 7

bloat

Question 8

what is a common cause of epistaxis

Answer 8

EIPH

progressive ethmoid haematoma

Question 9

what is a common cause of rhinitis

Answer 9

bacterial, fungal

Question 10

what is a sequelae of rhinitis

Answer 10

oedema + hyperaemia + exudation
timeframe for exudate is

serous > catarrhal > purulent

Question 11

Describe the histological profile of serous edoema in a case of rhinitis

Answer 11

few leukocytes, hyperaemic, nasal mucosa histologically normal

Question 12

Describe the histological profile of catarrhal rhinitis

Answer 12

hours- days

mucoid exudate, neutrophils, sloughing of exudate

Question 13

Describe the histological profile of purulent rhinitis

Answer 13

neutrophilic, erosion, ulceration +/- occlusion

Question 14

Which kinds of rhinitis tend to be persistent?

Answer 14

allergic and fungal

Question 15

how is progressive fibrosis of the nasal submucosa a consequence of chronic rhinitis?

Answer 15

atrophy of submucosal seromucoid glands –> hyperplasia, +/- squamous metaplasia, polyps, destruction & atrophy of nasal turbinate bones, deviation of nasal septum, gross craniofacial deformity

Question 16

What is lymphocytic- plasmacytic rhinitis and which species is it common in

Answer 16

Common in dogs. Associated with persistent mucopurulent nasal discharge. Submucosal infiltrates of lymphocytes + plasma cells. Triggered by antigen but self-sustains via dysregulation of local immune responses + ongoing cytokine release + recruitment of additional lymphocytes

Question 17

What is Granulomatous/ Pyogranulomatous rhinitis

Answer 17

chronic leading to Accumulation submucosal macrophages –> +/- nodules