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Respiratory System > L2 Regenerative Anaemia > Flashcards

L2 Regenerative Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

PCV measures what

A

direct erythrocyte mass

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2
Q

Haematicrit measures what

A

calculated erythrocyte mass (RCC x MCV)

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3
Q

what is the difference between intravascular and extravascular haemolysis

A

intravascular occurs within the circulation and extra occurs via phagocytosis in the spleen, bone marrow or liver

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4
Q

What is the stimulus for erythropoiesis

A

hypoxia

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5
Q

Where is EPO released from

A

kidney in adults (to some extent liver). Liver in bebs

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6
Q

What stimulates erythropoiesis

A

chiefly EPO, also insulin, growth hormone, glucocorticoids etc.

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7
Q

What is the life progression of a RBC

A

Rubriblast > prorubricyte > rubricyte > metarubricyte > loses nucleus > polychromatophil (blue) > mature erythrocyte

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8
Q

which are the mitotic stages of erythrocyte formation

A

rubriblast –> rubricyte

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9
Q

Which are the maturation stages of RBC formation

A

rubricyte –> erythrocyte (haemoglobin increases)

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10
Q

What is the production time from rubriblast to reticulocyte

A

3-5 days

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11
Q

What is the lag between loss of RBC from blood and response from bone marrow

A

3-5d for formation of reticulocytes

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12
Q

how do we distinguish regenerative anaemia

A

marrow response so presence of reticulocytosis (large, pale, blue cells)

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13
Q

reticulocytes are also known as

A

polychromatophils

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14
Q

What is the difference between reticulocytes and polychromatophils?

A

Reticulocyte is visualised when stained with New Methylene blue, stains far more immature cells than we can see as polychromatophils. (also shows up Heinz body oxidative damage)

Polychomatophils are when stained with Wrights Giemsa, they’re soooo hard to see with naked eye

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15
Q

What does macrocytosis mean

A

RBC are bigger than normal

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16
Q

What does hypochromasia mean

A

low % haemoglobin in RBC

17
Q

what is hypo chromic macrocytic anaemia

A

Marrow response –> reticulocytosis/ polychromasia –> erythroid hyperplasia (heaps produced) –> hypochromic (less haemoglobin), macrocytic (large becuause still immature) anaemia

18
Q

Which blood parameters do horses show in cases of regenerative anaemia??

A

No reticulocytosis, only mild macrocytosis

19
Q

What is the most accurate measure of regenerative anaemia??

A

Reticulocytosis.

Then, polychromasia, macrocytosis and hypochromasia

20
Q

Why is macrocytosis and hypochromasia a less accurate measurement of regenerative anaemia??

A

The indices we use for comparison are for comparison, sometimes they don’t show outside of reference range.

21
Q

What is intravascular haemolysis

A

rupture RBC within circulation

22
Q

What is extravascular haemolysis

A

Phagocutosis of RBC within spleen, bone marrow, liver

23
Q

What is reticulocytosis?

A

Increase in reticulocytes seen in anaemia. Indicative of active bone marrow regenerative response. Requires stain!!!!

24
Q

What is polychromasia

A

abnormally high amount of immature RBC (polychromatocphils) (large blue cells). Seen with naked eye

25
Q

What are 7 blood smear findings that would indicate regenerative anaemia

A 
polychromasia 
macroctyosis 
Anisocytosis 
Hypochromasia 
Inc Howell-Jolly bodies 
Inc nRBCs's 
Basophilic stippling
26
Q

How does a rubricyte differ from a metarubricyte and a polychromatophil

A

Rubricyte has a large condensed nucleus and minimal cytoplasm.
Metarubricyte is more mature and has even less obvious cytoplasms.
Polychromatophil is more mature again and has no nucleus but is large, pale blue/ purple/

27
Q

What is the production time from rubriblast to reticulocyte

A

3-5 days, hence there is a lag from loss of erythrocytes before a response from the bone marrow is apparent in the blood.

28
Q

Why does a regenerative anaemia response show as macrocytosis

A

Inc overall RBC size as polychromatophils are large!

29
Q

Why does a regenerative anaemia response present with hypochromatic RBC?

A

they have a lower % of Hb

30
Q

What is often the only indicator of regenerative anaemia in horses?

A

Macrocytosis, you won’t see polychromasia

31
Q

What are the two types of reticylocytosis in catties

A 
aggregate reticulocytes (polychromatophils) 
and punctate reticulocytes (more mature, however mature slowly so are also seen in health)

Respiratory System (26 decks)

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