L18 Disease of Airways II Flashcards
What are clinical signs of laryngeal disease
Dyspnoea, coughing, roaring, diminished airflow, inspiratory stridor, increased RR + effort
What are clinical signs of tracheal disease
Coughing
Dyspnoea
What are clinical signs of bronchitis
Dyspnoea @ expiration
Productive coughs
Wheeze & crackle on chest auscultation
What are clinical signs of bronchiolitis?
Often clinically silent as such a large percentage of bronchioles need to be occluded (huge #= less resistance overall)
What are common laryngeal malformations (+ species)
Hypoplasia of epiglottis (pigs + horses)
Subepiglottic mucosal cysts (horses)
Tracheal hypoplasia (component of BCS in dogs)
What are some common consequences of having a small epiglottis?
DDSP
entrapment
Which animals do you commonly see tracheal hypoplasia in?
BC dogs (they have smaller rings –> reduction in diameter)
Whats a scabbard trachea
laterally flattened into a slit (dogs + horses)
What does dysplasia or hypoplasia of the bronchial cartilage predispose to?
Bronchiectasis (permanent dilation)
Alveolar emphysema
Lung lobe torsion
What can cause acute laryngeal oedema?
Mainly acute laryngitis
Also, barking, trauma, irritants, severe dyspnoea
who is most at risk of laryngeal collapse
BC dogs like Laura
What is laryngeal hemiplegia ?
LRLN degen –> uni lateral paralysis –> inspiratory stridor
What can cause laryngitis and tracheitis?
Viral- distemper, EHV Bacto- kennel cough, influenza Smoke parasites trauma necrosis, ulcers, erosions, fibrin
What is calf diphtheria
Nectrotic laryngitis in calves (fuso necrophorum)
What is honker syndrome?
Tracheal oedema + haemorrhage + tracheal stenosis – common in feedlots in hot weather
What causes tracheal collapse? who is it common in?
DV teacheal collapse due to a shit trachealis muscle. Old dogs.
What will the prevalent inflammatory response be in a case of viral, fungal or aspiration bronchitis ?
fibrinonecrotising
what will the predominant inflammatory response be in a case of parasitic or allergy bronchitis?
eosinophilic
+ SMC hyperplasia
What structural changes can lead to airway obstruction bronchitis ?
Failure of MCC
Extra mucus
Epithelial hyperplasia (forms folds)
What is bronhiectasis ?
Permanent bronchial dilation
What causes bronchiectasis?
Chronic bronchitis exudate damages bronchial wall (SMC + cartilage) + necrosis/ squamous metaplasia of epithelium –> failed MCC –> pooling of exudates –> atelectasis.
Some bronchi dilate when adjacent lung parenchyma ventilates
What species commonly get bronchiectasis?
cows w/ chronic bronchopenumina
horses w/ heaves
sheep/ goat/ pig w/ chronic parasitic load
Why are distal bronchioles prone to injury? ?
their lil ciliated epithelium is vulnerable
They don’t have goblet cells
Steep decline in airflow velocity here so things lodge
No supporting cartilage
Club cells can generate toxic intermediate metabolites
Which Dz’s is bronchiolitis commonly associated with
aerogenous pneumonias
an extension of bronchitis
What are some viral causes of bronchiolitis
equine adenovirus canine adenovirus canine distemper bovine coronavirus bovini parainfluenza
What is a bacterial cause of bronchiolitis
mycoplasma spp
Describe the aetiopathogenesis of heaves
affected animals stabled in poorly ventilated bards +/- poor quality hay +/- decomposing shavings
dust particles may contain Aspergillus or other fungal spores/ elements e.g. proteases, mycotoxins, mites, endotoxin)
Genetic component to Dz susceptibility is suspected
Inhalalation –> Neutron + mucus rich inflam of distal bronchioles. Chronic= lymphocytic-plasmacytic bronchiolitis, mucoid metaplasia, luminal mucus obstruction +/- 2ary emphysema
What are the most common laryngeal tumour in dogs
squamous cell carcinoma
What is the most common URT neoplasia of cats
lymphoma
