L6 - Memory Flashcards
What is thinking?
- Cognitive behaviour in which ideas, images, mental representation or other hypothetical elements of thought are experienced or manipulated
- Includes imagining, remembering, problem solving, daydreaming, free association, concept formation and many other processes
What is sensory memory?
- Mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, feel, smell and taste
- Sensory memory fade very quickly (less than a second)
What is short term memory?
- Also known as working memory
- Ensemble of mental components that hold limited info temporarily in a heightened state of availability for use in ongoing info processing
What is immediate serial recall?
- Ppt are asked to remember a sequence of items presented sequentially and immediately after their presentation they must report back the item in the original presentation order
What is long-term memory?
Brain’s repository of what one has learned over a lifetime
What are two important brain regions?
- Temporal cortex & hippocampus: associated with storage of new memories
- Prefrontal cortex: associated with encoding new memories and retrieving old memories
What is the multi-store model?
- Sensory stores: system that keeps sensory info from each modality
- Attention: essential to select the info transfers from sensory stores to the short term store
- Short term store: system that keeps a very limited amount of info
- Long term store: system that is unlimited
- Sensory stores need attention for it be to in the STM, then rehearsal to be in LTM, if info leaves from sensory stores = decay, if leaves in STM = displacement, if leaves LTM = interference
Studies looking at multi-store model of memory?
1) Asked ppt to rehearse out loud, results show that the more that participants rehearsed an item, the more likely they were to remember it.
2) Manipulate the number of rehearsal opportunity for lists of 6 words
- Examined the performance proportion of correct responses
- No diff between performance despite important diff between rehearsal opp
- Results are difficult to account by multi-store model
What is the working memory model?
- Central executive: attentional system primarily responsible for coordinating activity within the cognitive system
- Phonological loop: system that processes and stores info briefly in phonological form
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad: processes and stores spatial and visual info
- Episodic buffer: passive system that integrates info from diff systems
What does the phonological loop contain?
- Articulatory process: inner voice = rehearses verbal info = auditory info can enter phonological store directly but visual info must be rehearsed
- Phonological store: inner ear that stores info in phonological form
What is the word length effect?
- Support for articulatory loop
- Ppts performance is better for words they are faster to repeat relative to slower to repeat (shorter words than longer ones)
What is Jalbert do?
- In all previous demonstrations, short words had more orthographic neighbours (words of same length that differ by one letter - bat/cat)
- Words with more orthographic neighbours are better remembered
- Word length effect is absent if short/long words are controlled for orthographic neighbours
- Results challenge Working memory model
What is consciousness?
Anything and everything one experiences, including but not limited to the experience of the external world and the experience of oneself
What Is awareness?
- Refers to the conscious experience that something exists
- Specific form of conscious experience
Can we learn info without awareness?
- Cells that fire together wire together
- Ppts study sequence of 9 digits and every three trials 1 list is repeated, ppts are unaware of the repetition = performance in repeated list gradually improve = do not need to be conscious to learn
- Directly measuring repetition awareness = awareness invariably preceded or co-occurred with learning = awareness enhances learning
