L6,L7: The Brain

Question 1

In general terms, what is the telencephalon?

Answer 1

The brain

Question 2

In general terms, what is the diencephalon?

Answer 2

The interbrain

Question 3

What is the midline of the brain called that divides the two hemispheres?

Answer 3

The sagittal fissure

Question 4

Explain the surface of the brain

Answer 4

• Covered by elevated ridges of cortex called giri
  Giri are separated by grooves called sulci

Question 5

What does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 5

The frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 6

What does the parietal occipital sulcus separate?

Answer 6

The parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Question 7

What does the deep lateral sulcus separate?

Answer 7

The temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe above it

Question 8

What is the hidden lobe and how can you find it?

Answer 8

• The insula
• Deep within the cerebral hemisphere
• Can only see it by separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe

Question 9

What is the cebrebral cortex made out of

Answer 9

Grey matter

Question 10

What are “tracks”?

Answer 10

White matter bunched together

Question 11

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 11

• A track
• Located deep within the cerebral fisser
• Extends from frontal lobe to occipital lobe
• COnnects the areas from teh two cerebral hemispheres
• Horizontally defined

Question 12

What is the basal ganglia made of?

Answer 12

• Grey matter
• The caudate and lentiform nucleus

Question 13

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 13

• A track
• Passes between two nuclei
• Moves info from the brain and spinal cord up
• Its axons connect cerebral cortex to the rest of our nervous system
• Vertically defined

Question 14

Where is the diencephalon located?

Answer 14

The center of base of cerebrum

Question 15

What structures make up the diencephalon?

Answer 15

The thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

Question 16

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 16

• First sensory integration spot for all senses except smell
• Redirects sensory information to correct higher-up structure

Question 17

What does the hypothalamus do? Where is it located?

Answer 17

• Located under the thalamus
• Attached to pituitary gland
• Sends chemical factors that control the endocrine functions f the pituitary gland

Question 18

What does the epithalamus do?

Answer 18

Produces melatonin (connected to pineal gland)

Question 19

What are the three components that make up the brain stem?

Answer 19

1) The midbrain (mesencephalon)
2) The pons
3) The medulla oblongata

Question 20

Where is the midbrain located?

Answer 20

Between the diancephalon and the pons

Question 21

What are the cerebral penducles?

Answer 21

The anterior part of the midbrain that connects the brainstem to the thalamus

Question 22

What is the superior colliculi?

Answer 22

A visual reflecx that coordinates head and eye movement

Question 23

What is the inferior colliculi?

Answer 23

An auditory reflex, helps to process sound

Question 24

Where is the pons located?

Answer 24

Between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain
- In front of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum
- Connected to the cerebellum through horizontal fibers

Question 25

What do the pyramids in the medulla do?

Answer 25

Axons within the pyramids control voluntary movement

Question 26

Where is the medulla?

Answer 26

The bottom of the brainstrem - Continuous with spinal cord

Question 27

What does the medulla regulate?

Answer 27

- Rate and depth of breathing - Blood pressure - Vomitting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

Question 28

What is the cerebellum made up from?

Answer 28

- Two hemispheres - A vermis that separates them - The cerebellar peduncles

Question 29

What is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 29

- Helps in coordinating physical movements

Question 30

What makes up the meninges?

Answer 30

1) The dura mater 2) The arachoid mater 3) The pia mater 4) The dural sinuses (venous sinuses)

Question 31

What is the role of the meninges?

Answer 31

To protect the brain and spinal cord

Question 32

Describe the structure of the Dura mater

Answer 32

- Outermost layer of meninges - Thickest and toughest layer within skull - Consists of two sublayers glued together

Question 33

What is the outermost (closest to skull) layer of the dura mater called?

Answer 33

The periosteal layer

Question 34

What is the innermost (closest to brain) layer of the dura mater called?

Answer 34

The meningeal layer

Question 35

What does the falx cerebri do?

Answer 35

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Question 36

What does the falx cerebelli do?

Answer 36

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Question 37

What does the tentorium cerebelli do?

Answer 37

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Question 38

The falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli are all structures of what connective tissue membrane?

Answer 38

The dura mater

Question 39

What are the dural sinuses?

Answer 39

Spaces formed by separation of the dural layers - Some collect blood from brain

Question 40

What is the arachnoid mater?

Answer 40

- Loose covering of the brain and spinal cord

Question 41

What is the subarachnoid space?

Answer 41

A space filled with cerebral spinal fluid that contains blood vessels - Space between brain and maters - Collagen fibers connect brain to pia mater in this space in a meshwork-type structure

Question 42

What is the pia mater?

Answer 42

Innermost layer of the meninges - Clings tightly to brain

Question 43

What is the ventricular system?

Answer 43

4 cavities (ventricles) and their connecting channels All connected to each other through central canal

Question 44

Describle the lateral ventricals

Answer 44

- Large, backwards c-shaped chambers - Located deep within cerebral hemishphere - Named components are related to where those components are found in the brain - Each lateral ventricle opens up and drains into the third ventricle via two passageways called the interventricular foramen

Question 45

The anterior horn of the lateral ventricle has parts in which lobe?

Answer 45

The frontal lobe

Question 46

The posterior horn of the lateral ventricle has parts in which lobe?

Answer 46

The occipital lobe

Question 47

The Interior horn of the lateral ventricle has components in which lobe?

Answer 47

The temporal lobe

Question 48

The body of the lateral ventricle has components in which lobe(s)?

Answer 48

The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

Question 49

Describe the third ventricle

Answer 49

- Narrow slit-like cavity between the two halves of the thalamus - Opens into and connects to the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aquiduct, which passes through the midbrain

Question 50

Describe the fourth ventricle

Answer 50

- Located behind the pons, but in front of the cerebellum - continous with central canal of spinal cord - Opens up into subarachnoid space

Question 51

What is the choroid plexus?

Answer 51

Found in 3rd and 4th ventricle and makes cerebral spinal fluid

Question 52

The internal carotid arteries enter through....

Answer 52

the skull through the carotid canal

Question 53

The vertebral arteries enter the skull through the...

Answer 53

froamen magnum

Question 54

What is the basilar artery

Answer 54

The joining of the vertebral artieries .- The basilar artery ends by dividing into the posterior cerebral arteries

Question 55

How do the internal carotid artieres end?

Answer 55

They divide and give rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Question 56

What is the circle of willis?

Answer 56

- A circle of blood vessels creates by the anterior cerebral arteries - Involves the posterior cerebral arteries, the posterior communicating artery, the internal carotid arteries, the anterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior communicating artery