L4: The Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What two categories do the adrenal glands produce?

A

Catecholamines
Steroids

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2
Q

What 2 catecholamines do adrenal glands produce?

A

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Epinephrine (adrenaline)

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3
Q

What 3 steroids do adrenal glands produce?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
DHEA[S]

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4
Q

The adrenal glands are _____ vascularized and have a ____ blood flow

A

highly, high

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5
Q

What are the 3 zones on the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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6
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

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7
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Cortisol

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8
Q

Zona reticularis

A

DHEAS

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9
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland produces steroid hormones? Catecholamines?

A

Steroids - cortex
Catecholamines - Medulla

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10
Q

The adrenal gland is composed of _____ cortex and a ______

A

3 zoned, and a medulla

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11
Q

What secretes the catecholamines?

A

Medulla

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12
Q

The HPA pathway controls ______ and release of _______ hormones

A

synthesis, steroid

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13
Q

Draw the HPA Axis

A
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14
Q

What is the nuclei in the HPA axis?

A

PVN paraventricular nuclei

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15
Q

What are some regulators of the HPA axis?

A

Physical, emotional, chemical (hypoglycemia)

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16
Q

What is not under ACTH control?

A

Epinephrine

17
Q

Epinephrine is _____ _____ derived and comes from ______

A

amino acid, tyrosine

18
Q

Adrenal catecholamines are storied in ____ and released via _____

A

granules/vesicles, exocytosis

19
Q

The secretion of catecholamines is a _____ process

20
Q

What are some stimuli that enhances catecholamine secretion?

A

Trauma, pain, anxiety, Hypothermia, Hypoglycemia

21
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnelone?

A

SCC Side chain cleavage enzyme

22
Q

Cholesterol, SCC, pregnenolone, _____

A

progesterone

23
Q

What is the stress hormone?

24
Q

What is the role of cortisol?

A

Principle role is metabolic. To mobilize glucose from proteins and fats

25
What are the 4 adrenal gland disorders?
Phaechromocytoma Cushing's syndrome Addison's disease Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
26
Phaechromocytoma
Rare catecholamine secreting tumour (chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla) Hypertension, anxiety, headache, tachycardia
27
Cushing's syndrome vs disease
Syndrome= tumour on adrenal gland Disease- tumour on the pituitary
28
Cushing syndrome
Tumor on adrenal gland so excess cortisol Metabolic distrubances Reduce medications and removal of adenoma and replacement meds
29
Cushing disease
Tumor on pituitary so excess ACTH Reduce medications and removal of adenoma and replacement meds
30
Addison's disease
Lack of adrenal hormones b/c infectious disease, autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex, other (trauma) Severe fatigue, hyperpigmentation of the tongue Lifelong steroid replacement therapy
31
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
21a-hydroxylase (P450c21) deficiency Cortisol and aldosterone synthesis inhibited Increased androgen production Masculinization of female fetus/infant Ambiguous genitalia Hypertension Early puberty Treatment: Steroid hormone replacement therapy