L4: The Adrenal Gland Flashcards
What two categories do the adrenal glands produce?
Catecholamines
Steroids
What 2 catecholamines do adrenal glands produce?
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
What 3 steroids do adrenal glands produce?
Cortisol
Aldosterone
DHEA[S]
The adrenal glands are _____ vascularized and have a ____ blood flow
highly, high
What are the 3 zones on the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone
Zona fasciculata
Cortisol
Zona reticularis
DHEAS
Which part of the adrenal gland produces steroid hormones? Catecholamines?
Steroids - cortex
Catecholamines - Medulla
The adrenal gland is composed of _____ cortex and a ______
3 zoned, and a medulla
What secretes the catecholamines?
Medulla
The HPA pathway controls ______ and release of _______ hormones
synthesis, steroid
Draw the HPA Axis
What is the nuclei in the HPA axis?
PVN paraventricular nuclei
What are some regulators of the HPA axis?
Physical, emotional, chemical (hypoglycemia)
What is not under ACTH control?
Epinephrine
Epinephrine is _____ _____ derived and comes from ______
amino acid, tyrosine
Adrenal catecholamines are storied in ____ and released via _____
granules/vesicles, exocytosis
The secretion of catecholamines is a _____ process
neural
What are some stimuli that enhances catecholamine secretion?
Trauma, pain, anxiety, Hypothermia, Hypoglycemia
What is the rate limiting step in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnelone?
SCC Side chain cleavage enzyme
Cholesterol, SCC, pregnenolone, _____
progesterone
What is the stress hormone?
Cortisol
What is the role of cortisol?
Principle role is metabolic. To mobilize glucose from proteins and fats
What are the 4 adrenal gland disorders?
Phaechromocytoma
Cushing’s syndrome
Addison’s disease
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Phaechromocytoma
Rare catecholamine secreting tumour (chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla)
Hypertension, anxiety, headache, tachycardia
Cushing’s syndrome vs disease
Syndrome= tumour on adrenal gland
Disease- tumour on the pituitary
Cushing syndrome
Tumor on adrenal gland so excess cortisol
Metabolic distrubances
Reduce medications and removal of adenoma and replacement meds
Cushing disease
Tumor on pituitary so excess ACTH
Reduce medications and removal of adenoma and replacement meds
Addison’s disease
Lack of adrenal hormones b/c infectious disease, autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex, other (trauma)
Severe fatigue, hyperpigmentation of the tongue
Lifelong steroid replacement therapy
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
21a-hydroxylase (P450c21) deficiency
Cortisol and aldosterone synthesis inhibited
Increased androgen production
Masculinization of female fetus/infant
Ambiguous genitalia
Hypertension
Early puberty
Treatment: Steroid hormone replacement therapy
