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Kin 1131 > L4 p1 > Flashcards

L4 p1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gross anatomy of long bone: Periosteum is?

A

Connective tissue and blood vessels surrounding bone surface

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2
Q

Gross anatomy of long bone: Periosteum / Name its 2 layers and the tissues that they are made from

A

Outer fibrous // Dense irregular Connective tissue

Inner Osteogenic // osteocytes

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3
Q

Gross anatomy of long bone: Medullary Cavity is the ____ _____ in the diaphysis that contains ____ ____ _____

A

hollow space

yellow bone marrow

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4
Q

Gross anatomy of long bone: Endosteum is a thin ___ ____ _____ that lines the ______ _____

A

single cell membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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5
Q

Gross anatomy of long bone: Diaphysis is the _____
The epiphysis is the _____
the Metaphysis contains ________/_____
Articular cartilage is _____ _______

A

shaft
ends
epiphyseal plate/line
covering epiphysis

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6
Q

Histology: Extracellular matrix is ______ ____water
_______ _____collagen fibers
_______ ______mineral salts

A

15 percent
30 percent
55 percent

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7
Q

Histology: in the extracellular matrix, 55 % is mineral salts… of those mineral salts calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide combine to form ________ crystals. What is the importance of these crystals and mineral salts?

A

hydroxyapatite

these crystals give bone its hardness

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8
Q

Histology: in the extracellular matrix, 30 % are collagen fibers. what is the function/ significance of these fibers?

A

to provide structural support

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9
Q

Histology: extracellular matrix is made from _____ and ____ _____. what is missing to take this and turn it into a connective tissue? ______

A

fibers and ground substance

cells!

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10
Q

Histology: Bone Cell types 1. ________/_________

  1. _________ forms _____ ____ matrix
  2. _________ (maintains ____ _____
A

osteogenic/osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
osteocyte

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11
Q

Histology: an osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cell _____ into an _____

A

develops

osteoblasts

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12
Q

Histology: Osteoblast (forms _____ _______ _____

A

bone extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Histology: Osteocyte _____ bone _____

A

maintains bone tissue

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14
Q

Histology White blood cell lineage: Osteoclast functions in _______ the ______ of bone _______ ______

What is resorption ?

A

resorption
breakdown
extracellular matrix
something is being broken down and entering bloodstream for the first time.

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15
Q

Osteoclasts breakdown things and release them into the bloodstream in a process called _______

A

resorption

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16
Q

Bone tissue types: 1. ______ = ____%

2._______ =__%

A

Compact 80%

spongy 20%

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17
Q

Compact bone is the _____ ____ layer

spongey bone is:

A

dense outer layer

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with bone marrow

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18
Q

Compact bone is composed of _____ or _____ system with weight bearing ______ witch are a group of _____ ______ of bone matrix

A

Osteon or Haversian system
pillars
hollow tubes

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19
Q

Lamellae compose a ______

Interstitial lamellae are _____ _____ and located in _____ _____ osteons

A

osteon
incomplete Lamellae
gaps between

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20
Q

Circumferential lamellae has 2 types what are they?

what are their differences?

A

external and internal
external encircles diaphysis
internal encircles medullary cavity

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21
Q

Central canal \ Haversian canal is where?

A

Pathway inside center of osteon

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22
Q

What does the Central/Haversian canal contain?

A

it contains blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

Perforating or Volkman’s canals are ________ to the central canal and connect central Canal and medullary cavity _____ _____ to _______

A

perpendicular
Blood vessels
Periosteum

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24
Q

Lacunae are

A

small spaces containing osteocytes

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25
Q

Canaliculi are

A

hair like canals connecting lacunae to central canal

26
Q

Spongy bone: Trabeculae ______ along the lines of _____

A

align along the lines of stress

27
Q

Spongy bone: Trabeculae contain _______ and ______ connected by canaliculi

A

lamellae and osteocytes

28
Q

Spongy bone: Trabeculae have microscopic spaces containing ____ and _____ bone_____

A

red and yellow bone marrow

29
Q

What are the functional advantages of spongy bone? (and having a space/hollow cavity in between long bones. why is there a space?

A

weight reduction and wider diameter more stiff less-bendy

30
Q

Redbone marrow functions in _______ and in adults is mostly found in ____ ____ in areas like the hip and sternum.

A

spongy bone

31
Q

Yellow bone marrow functions to ____ _____ and is found in the ____ ____ of ____ bones

A

store energy

medullary cavity of longbones

32
Q

Blood and Nerve Supply: Periosteal arteries supply the ______ periosteum and outer portion of ___ ____. it enters via ______ ____ in diaphysis.

A

diaphysis, compact bone

perforating canals

33
Q

Blood and Nerve Supply: Nutrient Artery Supplies the diaphysis, inner portion of _____ ____ , _____ bone and ____ bone marrow up to the epiphyseal line.
Enters via the _____foramen

A

compact bone, spongey bone,
red
nutrient

34
Q

Blood and Nerve Supply: Metaphyseal Arteries Supplies the ______ and enters via the ____ ___ in metaphysis

A

metaphysis

perforating canals

35
Q

Epiphyseal Arteries Supplies the ______ and enters via the _____ ____ in the epiphysis

A

epiphysis

perforating canals

36
Q

All Veins accompany the arteries except the _____ ____. The difference is that there are 1 or 2 ____ ____ that accompany the one ____ ____

A

Nutrient veins
nutrient veins
nutrient artery

37
Q

The nerves in bone accompany blood vessels and sensory nerves ____ ____ the ______

A

primary supply the periosteum

38
Q

Why will you feel a broken bone acutely

A

we have sensory nerves across the periosteum

39
Q

Ossification or Osteogenesis is the _____ of ____ ___

A

process of bone formation

40
Q

Ossification or osteogeneses is the ____ of _____ formation. it begins in _____ __ of embryogenesis and _____ ____ ____

A

process of bone
week 8
continues throughout life

41
Q

Intramembranous ossification is the result of a ____ _____ converting to bone.

A

fibrous membrane

it ossifies then becomes bone

42
Q

Endochondral ossification is the result of _______ forming to bone

A

cartilage

43
Q

Intramembranous ossification bones form within _________ and forms the bones of the _____, ____ and _____

A

mesenchyme

skull, face clavicle

44
Q

intramembranous ossification step 1 occurs in the ____ ____ where _______ cells cluster and differentiate to osteoprogenitor cells then to _______

A

ossification center
mesenchymal \
osteoblasts

45
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete in the ossification centure?

A

extracellular matrix

46
Q

what are mesenchymal cells?

A

undifferentiated stem cells

47
Q

intramembranous ossification step 2 Calcification:
Osteoblasts become ________. Osteocytes in Lacunae extend ______ into _______. Calcium and mineral salts are ______ and extracellular matrix _____.

A

Osteocytes
processes into canaliculi
deposited, calcifies

48
Q

intramembranous ossification step 3 Trabeculae: _____ _____ forms trabeculae which fuse to form spongy bone. Trabeculae forms around ____ ____ and ____ bone marrow forms.

A

extracellular matrix
blood vessels
red

49
Q

intramembranous ossification step 4 Periosteum: Peripheral mesenchyme ______ to form ______.
Superficially, a thin layer of compact bone replaces ______ bone

A

condenses to form periosteum

spongy bone

50
Q

Endochondral Ossification uses ______ ____ models for bone construction, requires the breakdown of ___ ___ ___ to ossification and most bones ____ the ____ of the ___ develop this way. with the exeption of the _____

A

hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage, prior
below the base of the skull
clavicle

51
Q

Endochondrial Ossification Interstital growth (_____ ____ _____) is responcivbe for _____ _____ size and ____.

A

overall size and length

growth from within

52
Q

Appositional growth means ____ ____ ___ ____ and results in ______

A

growth from the periphery and

mainly in width

53
Q

(Part 1 ) Interstitial Growth 1-4
1 mesenchyme tuns into ___________
2. ________use mitosis to reproduce
3. chondrocytes secrete cartilage ________ matrix and separate from each other.
4. cartilage models grow ______cartilage and grow ________

A

1 mesenchyme tuns into chondrocytes

  1. chondrocytes use mitosis to reproduce
  2. chondrocytes secrete cartilage extracellular matrix and separate from each other.
  3. cartilage models grow hyaline cartilage internally
54
Q

(Part 1 Endochondral Ossification ) Appositional Growth 1-4

  1. Mitosis occurs in the __________
  2. Chondrogenic cells turn into ________
  3. Chondroblasts secrete matrix and become _______
  4. cartilage model grows ________
A
  1. Mitosis occurs in the perichondrium
  2. Chondrogenic cells turn into chondroblasts
  3. Chondroblasts secrete matrix and become chondrocytes
  4. cartilage model grows peripherally
55
Q

(Part 2 Endochondral Ossification ) Cartilage from Apositional and Interstitial growth do what (3 things)

  1. Cartilage extracellular matrix ________
  2. Chondrocytes ____ (cutt off from ______)
  3. Spaces left behind by dead chondrocytes merge to form ______
A
  1. Cartilage extracellular matrix calcifies
  2. Chondrocytes die (cut off from nutrients)
  3. Spaces left behind by dead chondrocytes merge to form lacunae
56
Q

(Part 3 Endochindreal Ossification ) Primary ossification center.
the calcification in this step proceeds ______.
Nutrient artery penetrates _______.
perichindreum becomes the ________
Periosteal cappliaries ____ ____ ____ ___ of diaphasis. this becomes the ____ ____ ____.
Osteoblasts then secrete _____ _____ forming _____ bone. Primary Ossification spreads from ______ to _________

A 
inwardly 
perichondrium 
periosteum
grow into the center region of the diaphysis 
primary ossification center. 
extracellular matrix, spongy 
center towards metaphyses
57
Q

What’s the difference between perichondrium and periosteum?

A

the former is the outer layer of cartilage, the latter is the outer layer of bone

58
Q

(Part 4 Endochondral Ossification)
Osteoclasts breakdown ________ in center of ______
wall of diaphysis is ____ _____ ____ ___

A

trabeculae, diaphysis

replaced by compact bone

59
Q

(Part 5 Endochondral Ossification) Secondary Ossification center
branches of epiphysial arteries enter epiphyses and it forms the _____ _____ ____.
it proceeds ______
spongey bone replaces _______
occurs at approximaly ____ ____ ____

A

Secondary ossification center
outwardly
cartilage
time of birth

60
Q

Where do secondary ossification centers develop?

A

both proximal and distal epiphysis

61
Q

(Part 6 Endochondral Ossification) Articular cartilage and Epiphyseal Plate
The cartilage on epiphyseal ends is now called _____ ______ and cartilage between the epiphyses and metaphyses is called the _____ _____

A

articular cartilage

epiphyseal plate

62
Q

what type of cartilage is in the epiphysial plate and articular cartilage.

A

hyaline

Kin 1131 (42 decks)

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