L4 p1

Question 1

Gross anatomy of long bone: Periosteum is?

Answer 1

Connective tissue and blood vessels surrounding bone surface

Question 2

Gross anatomy of long bone: Periosteum / Name its 2 layers and the tissues that they are made from

Answer 2

Outer fibrous // Dense irregular Connective tissue

Inner Osteogenic // osteocytes

Question 3

Gross anatomy of long bone: Medullary Cavity is the ____ _____ in the diaphysis that contains ____ ____ _____

Answer 3

hollow space

yellow bone marrow

Question 4

Gross anatomy of long bone: Endosteum is a thin ___ ____ _____ that lines the ______ _____

Answer 4

single cell membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Question 5

Gross anatomy of long bone: Diaphysis is the _____
The epiphysis is the _____
the Metaphysis contains ________/_____
Articular cartilage is _____ _______

Answer 5

shaft
ends
epiphyseal plate/line
covering epiphysis

Question 6

Histology: Extracellular matrix is ______ ____water
_______ _____collagen fibers
_______ ______mineral salts

Answer 6

15 percent
30 percent
55 percent

Question 7

Histology: in the extracellular matrix, 55 % is mineral salts… of those mineral salts calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide combine to form ________ crystals. What is the importance of these crystals and mineral salts?

Answer 7

hydroxyapatite

these crystals give bone its hardness

Question 8

Histology: in the extracellular matrix, 30 % are collagen fibers. what is the function/ significance of these fibers?

Answer 8

to provide structural support

Question 9

Histology: extracellular matrix is made from _____ and ____ _____. what is missing to take this and turn it into a connective tissue? ______

Answer 9

fibers and ground substance

cells!

Question 10

Histology: Bone Cell types 1. ________/_________

2. _________ forms _____ ____ matrix
3. _________ (maintains ____ _____

Answer 10

osteogenic/osteoprogenitor
osteoblast
osteocyte

Question 11

Histology: an osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cell _____ into an _____

Answer 11

develops

osteoblasts

Question 12

Histology: Osteoblast (forms _____ _______ _____

Answer 12

bone extracellular matrix

Question 13

Histology: Osteocyte _____ bone _____

Answer 13

maintains bone tissue

Question 14

Histology White blood cell lineage: Osteoclast functions in _______ the ______ of bone _______ ______

What is resorption ?

Answer 14

resorption
breakdown
extracellular matrix
something is being broken down and entering bloodstream for the first time.

Question 15

Osteoclasts breakdown things and release them into the bloodstream in a process called _______

Answer 15

resorption

Question 16

Bone tissue types: 1. ______ = ____%

2._______ =__%

Answer 16

Compact 80%

spongy 20%

Question 17

Compact bone is the _____ ____ layer

spongey bone is:

Answer 17

dense outer layer

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with bone marrow

Question 18

Compact bone is composed of _____ or _____ system with weight bearing ______ witch are a group of _____ ______ of bone matrix

Answer 18

Osteon or Haversian system
pillars
hollow tubes

Question 19

Lamellae compose a ______

Interstitial lamellae are _____ _____ and located in _____ _____ osteons

Answer 19

osteon
incomplete Lamellae
gaps between

Question 20

Circumferential lamellae has 2 types what are they?

what are their differences?

Answer 20

external and internal
external encircles diaphysis
internal encircles medullary cavity

Question 21

Central canal \ Haversian canal is where?

Answer 21

Pathway inside center of osteon

Question 22

What does the Central/Haversian canal contain?

Answer 22

it contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 23

Perforating or Volkman’s canals are ________ to the central canal and connect central Canal and medullary cavity _____ _____ to _______

Answer 23

perpendicular
Blood vessels
Periosteum

Question 24

Lacunae are

Answer 24

small spaces containing osteocytes

Question 25

Canaliculi are

Answer 25

hair like canals connecting lacunae to central canal

Question 26

Spongy bone: Trabeculae ______ along the lines of _____

Answer 26

align along the lines of stress

Question 27

Spongy bone: Trabeculae contain _______ and ______ connected by canaliculi

Answer 27

lamellae and osteocytes

Question 28

Spongy bone: Trabeculae have microscopic spaces containing ____ and _____ bone_____

Answer 28

red and yellow bone marrow

Question 29

What are the functional advantages of spongy bone? (and having a space/hollow cavity in between long bones. why is there a space?

Answer 29

weight reduction and wider diameter more stiff less-bendy

Question 30

Redbone marrow functions in _______ and in adults is mostly found in ____ ____ in areas like the hip and sternum.

Answer 30

spongy bone

Question 31

Yellow bone marrow functions to ____ _____ and is found in the ____ ____ of ____ bones

Answer 31

store energy | medullary cavity of longbones

Question 32

Blood and Nerve Supply: Periosteal arteries supply the ______ periosteum and outer portion of ___ ____. it enters via ______ ____ in diaphysis.

Answer 32

diaphysis, compact bone | perforating canals

Question 33

Blood and Nerve Supply: Nutrient Artery Supplies the diaphysis, inner portion of _____ ____ , _____ bone and ____ bone marrow up to the epiphyseal line. Enters via the _____foramen

Answer 33

compact bone, spongey bone, red nutrient

Question 34

Blood and Nerve Supply: Metaphyseal Arteries Supplies the ______ and enters via the ____ ___ in metaphysis

Answer 34

metaphysis | perforating canals

Question 35

Epiphyseal Arteries Supplies the ______ and enters via the _____ ____ in the epiphysis

Answer 35

epiphysis | perforating canals

Question 36

All Veins accompany the arteries except the _____ ____. The difference is that there are 1 or 2 ____ ____ that accompany the one ____ ____

Answer 36

Nutrient veins nutrient veins nutrient artery

Question 37

The nerves in bone accompany blood vessels and sensory nerves ____ ____ the ______

Answer 37

primary supply the periosteum

Question 38

Why will you feel a broken bone acutely

Answer 38

we have sensory nerves across the periosteum

Question 39

Ossification or Osteogenesis is the _____ of ____ ___

Answer 39

process of bone formation

Question 40

Ossification or osteogeneses is the ____ of _____ formation. it begins in _____ __ of embryogenesis and _____ ____ ____

Answer 40

process of bone week 8 continues throughout life

Question 41

Intramembranous ossification is the result of a ____ _____ converting to bone.

Answer 41

fibrous membrane | it ossifies then becomes bone

Question 42

Endochondral ossification is the result of _______ forming to bone

Answer 42

cartilage

Question 43

Intramembranous ossification bones form within _________ and forms the bones of the _____, ____ and _____

Answer 43

mesenchyme | skull, face clavicle

Question 44

intramembranous ossification step 1 occurs in the ____ ____ where _______ cells cluster and differentiate to osteoprogenitor cells then to _______

Answer 44

ossification center mesenchymal \ osteoblasts

Question 45

what do osteoblasts secrete in the ossification centure?

Answer 45

extracellular matrix

Question 46

what are mesenchymal cells?

Answer 46

undifferentiated stem cells

Question 47

intramembranous ossification step 2 Calcification: Osteoblasts become ________. Osteocytes in Lacunae extend ______ into _______. Calcium and mineral salts are ______ and extracellular matrix _____.

Answer 47

Osteocytes processes into canaliculi deposited, calcifies

Question 48

intramembranous ossification step 3 Trabeculae: _____ _____ forms trabeculae which fuse to form spongy bone. Trabeculae forms around ____ ____ and ____ bone marrow forms.

Answer 48

extracellular matrix blood vessels red

Question 49

intramembranous ossification step 4 Periosteum: Peripheral mesenchyme ______ to form ______. Superficially, a thin layer of compact bone replaces ______ bone

Answer 49

condenses to form periosteum | spongy bone

Question 50

Endochondral Ossification uses ______ ____ models for bone construction, requires the breakdown of ___ ___ ___ to ossification and most bones ____ the ____ of the ___ develop this way. with the exeption of the _____

Answer 50

hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage, prior below the base of the skull clavicle

Question 51

Endochondrial Ossification Interstital growth (_____ ____ _____) is responcivbe for _____ _____ size and ____.

Answer 51

overall size and length | growth from within

Question 52

Appositional growth means ____ ____ ___ ____ and results in ______

Answer 52

growth from the periphery and | mainly in width

Question 53

(Part 1 ) Interstitial Growth 1-4 1 mesenchyme tuns into ___________ 2. ________use mitosis to reproduce 3. chondrocytes secrete cartilage ________ matrix and separate from each other. 4. cartilage models grow ______cartilage and grow ________

Answer 53

1 mesenchyme tuns into chondrocytes 2. chondrocytes use mitosis to reproduce 3. chondrocytes secrete cartilage extracellular matrix and separate from each other. 4. cartilage models grow hyaline cartilage internally

Question 54

(Part 1 Endochondral Ossification ) Appositional Growth 1-4 1. Mitosis occurs in the __________ 2. Chondrogenic cells turn into ________ 3. Chondroblasts secrete matrix and become _______ 4. cartilage model grows ________

Answer 54

1. Mitosis occurs in the perichondrium 2. Chondrogenic cells turn into chondroblasts 3. Chondroblasts secrete matrix and become chondrocytes 4. cartilage model grows peripherally

Question 55

(Part 2 Endochondral Ossification ) Cartilage from Apositional and Interstitial growth do what (3 things) 1. Cartilage extracellular matrix ________ 2. Chondrocytes ____ (cutt off from ______) 3. Spaces left behind by dead chondrocytes merge to form ______

Answer 55

1. Cartilage extracellular matrix calcifies 2. Chondrocytes die (cut off from nutrients) 3. Spaces left behind by dead chondrocytes merge to form lacunae

Question 56

(Part 3 Endochindreal Ossification ) Primary ossification center. the calcification in this step proceeds ______. Nutrient artery penetrates _______. perichindreum becomes the ________ Periosteal cappliaries ____ ____ ____ ___ of diaphasis. this becomes the ____ ____ ____. Osteoblasts then secrete _____ _____ forming _____ bone. Primary Ossification spreads from ______ to _________

Answer 56

``` inwardly perichondrium periosteum grow into the center region of the diaphysis primary ossification center. extracellular matrix, spongy center towards metaphyses ```

Question 57

What's the difference between perichondrium and periosteum?

Answer 57

the former is the outer layer of cartilage, the latter is the outer layer of bone

Question 58

(Part 4 Endochondral Ossification) Osteoclasts breakdown ________ in center of ______ wall of diaphysis is ____ _____ ____ ___

Answer 58

trabeculae, diaphysis | replaced by compact bone

Question 59

(Part 5 Endochondral Ossification) Secondary Ossification center branches of epiphysial arteries enter epiphyses and it forms the _____ _____ ____. it proceeds ______ spongey bone replaces _______ occurs at approximaly ____ ____ ____

Answer 59

Secondary ossification center outwardly cartilage time of birth

Question 60

Where do secondary ossification centers develop?

Answer 60

both proximal and distal epiphysis

Question 61

(Part 6 Endochondral Ossification) Articular cartilage and Epiphyseal Plate The cartilage on epiphyseal ends is now called _____ ______ and cartilage between the epiphyses and metaphyses is called the _____ _____

Answer 61

articular cartilage | epiphyseal plate

Question 62

what type of cartilage is in the epiphysial plate and articular cartilage.

Answer 62

hyaline