L4, L6- Clinical Epidemiology Diagnosis

Question 1

gold standard may also be referred to as….

Answer 1

reference or criterion standard

Question 2

false positive can also be referred to as…..

Answer 2

type I or α error

Question 3

false negative can also be referred to as…..

Answer 3

type II or β error

Question 4

sensitivity is also known as (1) and is usually high for tests used for (screening/diagnosis)

Answer 4

1- true positive rate (TPR)

2- screening

Question 5

specificity is also known as (1) and is usually high for tests used for (screening/diagnosis)

Answer 5

1- true negative rate (TNR)

2- diagnostic

Question 6

validity/accuracy or (internal/external) validity is defined as (2)

Answer 6

1- internal validity

2- how well or accurate the study is conducted

Question 7

generalizability or (internal/external) validity is defined as (2)

Answer 7

1- external validity

2- can results be generalized to the entire population

Question 8

validity = (accuracy / precision)

Answer 8

accuracy

Question 9

reliability = (accuracy / precision)

Answer 9

precision

Question 10

SNNOUT indicates

Answer 10

highly sensitive test, when negative, rules OUT disease

Question 11

SPPIN indicates

Answer 11

highly specific test, when positive, rules IN disease

Question 12

how does prevalence effect PPV and NPV

Answer 12

• inc prevalence => inc PPV, dec NPV

- dec prevalence => dec PPV, inc NPV

Question 13

area under a ROC curve = …

Answer 13

accuracy / validity of a test

Question 14

what are the best values for LR and sensitivity/specificity if you a definitive diagnosis

Answer 14

• high specificity

- high LR+

Question 15

what are the consequences of parallel testing

Answer 15

• inc sensitivity (inc NPV)

- dec specificity (dec PPV)

Question 16

what are the consequences of serial testing

Answer 16

• dec sensitivity (dec NPV)

- inc specificity (inc PPV)

Question 17

list the levels of disease prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)

Answer 17

(base to top)

• primordial prevention
• primary prevention
• secondary prevention
• tertiary prevention
• quarternary prevention

Question 18

describe primordial prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)

Answer 18

• at population level (primary is at individual level)
• laws/policies/protocols taken to prevent diseases
• i.e. speed limit, clean water sources, limit pollution

Question 19

describe primary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)

Answer 19

• at individual level (primordial is at population level)
• measures to prevent diseases
• i.e. vaccines, no smoking/EtOH, healthy diet, exercise

Question 20

describe secondary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)

Answer 20

• screening for diseases, therefore early treatment can prevent progression of disease
• i.e. HTN, DM, colonoscopy

Question 21

describe tertiary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)

Answer 21

• measures are taken with a person who has a disease to prevent other related diseases
• i.e. DM Pts, prevent kidney disease, eye issues, etc

Question 22

describe quarternary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)

Answer 22

patient is in chronic disease state –> measures taken to minimize medications and procedures