L4, L6- Clinical Epidemiology Diagnosis Flashcards
gold standard may also be referred to as….
reference or criterion standard
false positive can also be referred to as…..
type I or α error
false negative can also be referred to as…..
type II or β error
sensitivity is also known as (1) and is usually high for tests used for (screening/diagnosis)
1- true positive rate (TPR)
2- screening
specificity is also known as (1) and is usually high for tests used for (screening/diagnosis)
1- true negative rate (TNR)
2- diagnostic
validity/accuracy or (internal/external) validity is defined as (2)
1- internal validity
2- how well or accurate the study is conducted
generalizability or (internal/external) validity is defined as (2)
1- external validity
2- can results be generalized to the entire population
validity = (accuracy / precision)
accuracy
reliability = (accuracy / precision)
precision
SNNOUT indicates
highly sensitive test, when negative, rules OUT disease
SPPIN indicates
highly specific test, when positive, rules IN disease
how does prevalence effect PPV and NPV
- inc prevalence => inc PPV, dec NPV
- dec prevalence => dec PPV, inc NPV
area under a ROC curve = …
accuracy / validity of a test
what are the best values for LR and sensitivity/specificity if you a definitive diagnosis
- high specificity
- high LR+
what are the consequences of parallel testing
- inc sensitivity (inc NPV)
- dec specificity (dec PPV)
what are the consequences of serial testing
- dec sensitivity (dec NPV)
- inc specificity (inc PPV)
list the levels of disease prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)
(base to top)
- primordial prevention
- primary prevention
- secondary prevention
- tertiary prevention
- quarternary prevention
describe primordial prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)
- at population level (primary is at individual level)
- laws/policies/protocols taken to prevent diseases
- i.e. speed limit, clean water sources, limit pollution
describe primary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)
- at individual level (primordial is at population level)
- measures to prevent diseases
- i.e. vaccines, no smoking/EtOH, healthy diet, exercise
describe secondary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)
- screening for diseases, therefore early treatment can prevent progression of disease
- i.e. HTN, DM, colonoscopy
describe tertiary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)
- measures are taken with a person who has a disease to prevent other related diseases
- i.e. DM Pts, prevent kidney disease, eye issues, etc
describe quarternary prevention (Leavell and Clark’s)
patient is in chronic disease state –> measures taken to minimize medications and procedures
