L1, L19, L22, L24- Intro to Population + Environmental/Occupational Health

Question 1

describe the ‘Triple Aim’ that is used to measure improvements in population health

Answer 1

• better health
• better care
• lower costs

Question 2

list the Tools for population health science

Answer 2

• ethics
• biostatistics
• epidemiology
• health systems
• preventative medicine (public health)
• cultural competency
• social determinants of health

Question 3

list the determinants of population health

Answer 3

1) genetics & biology
2) individual behavior
3) social environment
4) physical environment
5) health services

Question 4

these 3 determinants account for 70% of population health outcomes

Answer 4

health services, social and physical environment

genetics, biology, individual behavior accounts for the other 30%

Question 5

define genetics and biology as determinant of population health

Answer 5

sex and age

Question 6

provide examples of individual behavior included as determinant of population health

Answer 6

EtOH use, injection drug use, unprotected sex, smoking, etc

Question 7

define social environment as determinant of population health

Answer 7

discrimination, income, gender

Question 8

define physical environment as determinant of population health

Answer 8

where one lives and crowding conditions

Question 9

define health services as determinant of population health

Answer 9

access to quality health care, having or not having health insurance

Question 10

list the 5 factors that affect population health from least impactful to most impactful

Answer 10

• counseling & education
• clinical interventions
• long-lasting protective interventions
• changing the context (legislative measures)
• socioeconomic factors (legislative and social changes)

Question 11

genetic predisposition is responsible for about __% impact on population health outcomes

Answer 11

30%

Question 12

define health equity

Answer 12

1) everyone is afforded opportunity to attain their full health potential, none are disadvantaged from this due to social position or other socially determine circumstance
2) absence of systematic disparities in health between and within social groups with different social advantages and disadvantages

Question 13

what are the three common and the most important physical environmental factor that effects health

Answer 13

1) water
2) food
3) air

Question 14

biotic vs abiotic

Answer 14

Biotic- living members of the environment

Abiotic- nonliving components of the environment

Question 15

define hazard vs risk

Answer 15

Hazard- source of potential danger that would affect health adversely

Risk- Quantitative Probability that a health effect occurs when exposed to a Hazard

Question 16

list the types of hazards (environmental/occupational)

Answer 16

• biological
• chemical
• physical
• mechanical (ergonomic)
• psychosocial

Question 17

what are the 4 approaches to studying hazards (environmental/occupational)

Answer 17

• nature of hazard (what type)
• source of exposure
• routes of exposure
• settings (ex: work, home, school, etc)

Question 18

list the hierarchy of methods to prevent/control methods

Answer 18

1) eliminate the hazard
2) control the hazard/exposure
3) training
4) personal protective equipment (as last resort)

Question 19

define the environment as a determinant of health

Answer 19

any external agent that can be causally linked to an INVOLUNTARY change in health
ex. smoking is behavioral determinant, but 2nd-hand smoke is environmental

Question 20

what is PM2.5 and what can it cause

Answer 20

• Particulate Matter < 2.5 µm; small enough to enter alveolar regions => CV and Pulm. toxicity (systemic inflammation)
• causes impair pulmonary or cardiovascular function

Question 21

unintentional injury is the number one cause of death for people in the following age range…

Answer 21

1 - 44 y/o

Question 22

list the common types of occupational diseases/disorders

Answer 22

• musculoskeletal
• dermatological
• pulmonary diseases
• psychological disorders
• neurotoxic disorders
• others: reproductive, CVD, cancers

Question 23

list the 5 parts of an occupational history

Answer 23

1) description of all jobs held
2) work exposure hx
3) timing of Sxs in relation to work
4) epidemiology of Sxs/illness among co-workers
5) non-occupational exposures / other factors

Question 24

List the disease with associated with the following exposures:

(1) coal mining
(2) cotton dust
(3) asbestos
(4) mineral dusts
(5) silica dust

Answer 24

1- black lung disease (progressive massive fibrosis via pneumoconiosis)
2- byssinosis (brown lung disease)
3- mesothelioma
4- pneumoconiosis
5- silicosis