L11, L13- Immunology Intro Flashcards
define pathogen
something that causes disease
define antigen
any foreign substance that binds specifically to Ab or T-cell receptor
define epitope
specific portion of antigen that is recognized by Ab or T-cell receptor
define mitogen
chemical substance that encourages cell division
define immunogen
substance capable of eliciting immune response (all are antigens)
define hapten
small molecule that when combined with large carrier (usually protein) elicits production of Abs that bind specifically to it
define immunogenicity
capacity of substance (immunogen) to induce immune response
define antigenicity
ability of antigen to combine with Ab, T-cell receptor / MHC
define adjuvant
substance mixed with antigen to enhance Immunogenicity
adjuvants work generally by increasing (1) and (2), where (2) results in (3)
1- persistence of antigen
2- innate immune response
3- inflammation, stimulation of APC / lymphocytes
_____ is a common adjuvant in humans
alum
list the Antigen factors of Immunogenicity
- foreignness: phylogenetic distance from host
- molecular size: > 100,000 Da
- chemical composition: more complex, proteins/carb/lipid
- Adjuvant
for antigen factors to be recognized they usually need to be > ______ Da
100,000 Da
rank carbohydrates, lipids, proteins in order of immunogenic response
proteins > carbs > lipids
list host factors of Immunogenicity
- host genotype: MHC, T/B-cell receptors
- dosage/administration
(slow/fast) release of antigen is important for its immunogenicity
(2) rank best routes of administration in regards to immunogenicity
1- slow
2- SQ > intraperitoneal > IV > intragastric
_____ route of antigen administration will produce local mucosal immunity, but not systemic immunity
oral route
list the three functions of immune system
- Defense, protect against antigens
- Homeostasis, remove old/damaged components/cells
- Surveillance, perceive and destroy mutated / non-self cells
Innate immunity refers to the (immediate/delayed) (non-/specific) immune response with the following components: (3)
1- immediate reaction
2- non-specific
3- barriers (skin, gastric acidity, ect), phagocytic cells, temperature, antimicrobial peptides
(1) is a first line defense enzyme found in tears that functions to (2)
1- lysozyme
2- hydrolyzes cell wall of bacteria
semen contains _____ as defense against pathogens
antimicrobial chemical
sweat has high (1) and (2) as additional barrier for innate immunity
1- lactic acid
2- [electrolytes]
Acquired immunity refers to the (immediate/delayed) (non-/specific) immune response with the following attributes: (3)
1- delayed (7-14 days)
2- highly specific
3- memory (for pathogen/components), diversity (of defense components), cell- or Ab/humoral- mediated immunity
(T/F) innate immune response is always faster then adaptive immune response
F- adaptive is much faster upon repeat infections due to its memory components, innate is faster upon primary infection
acquired (specific) immunity is known as _____ line of defense
3rd (1st are barriers, 2nd is cellular/chemical innate immunity)
list cellular components of Innate immune system
monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, NK cells
list cellular components of Adaptive immune system
B-cells/plasma cells, T-cells
list humoral components of Innate immune system
complement, CKs, lysozyme, acute phase proteins, IFs
list humoral components of Adaptive immune system
Abs, CKs, complement
list lymphoid cells
NK cells, B and T cells
everything else is myeloid derived
Neutrophils are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its main function is to destroy organisms via (3) and (4)
1- granulocytes (many different types of granules)
2- Multi-lobed (2-5)
3- phagocytosis
4- release of hydrolytic enzymes
high numbers of ______ indicate acute infection as they are first to arrive to infected site
neutrophils
Eosinophils are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its main function is to eliminate (3), plays a role in (4), and phagocytize (5)
1- granulocytes (crystalloid, azurophilic, specific granules) 2- multi-lobed / bilobed 3- parasites 4- allergic reactions 5- antigen-Ab complexes
high concentration of _____ indicates a parasitic infections
eosinophils
Basophils are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its possible functions included (3)
1- granulocytes (basophilic specific)
2- multi-lobed / bilobed (S-shaped
3- precursor to mast cells, mediate inflammatory response, role in allergic reactions
Mast Cells are (a-/granulocytes) and mainly functions in (2) via (3) and (4) pathways of activation.
1- granulocytes
2- allergic reactions
3- innate TLR
4- Ab-dependent (IgE)
Leukocytes are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its main functions are to (3) and (4)
1- agranulocytes
2- single nucleus
3- phagocytosis (differentiates to in various body sites)
4- antigen-presenting
what are Macrophages termed in the following areas:
(1) connective tissue
(2) bone
(3) brain
(4) liver
(5) kidney
1- histiocytes 2- osteoclasts 3- microglial cells 4- Kupffer cells 5- mesangial cells
list two main features of dendritic cells
- long, membranous extensions (stellar)
- CD14+
list groups of dendritic cells
- lymphoid or plasmacytoid-derived
- myeloid or monocyte-derived
- langerhans
- follicular
list functions of dendritic cells
- surveillance
- initiate inflammatory response
- stimulate adaptive immune system (antigen presenting)
NK cells are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)nucleus and have (3) and (4) as surface markers
1- granulocytes
2- single nucleus
3- CD16
4- CD56
B cells/lymphocytes mature in (1) and its primary function is to (2)
1- bone marrow
2- display membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ab)
list the two types of B-cells
Plasma cells: Ab secreting, die w/in 1-2 weeks
Memory B cells: same membrane-bound Ab as parent B cell, longer life span
_______ are Ab secreting cells
Plasma cells (short-lived B cells)
T cells/lymphocytes mature in _______
thymus
T cell receptors will recognize (1) complexes and once (1) is encountered, the T cell will differentiate into (2) or (3)
1- antigens bound to MHC on cell membranes
2- effector T cells
3- memory T cells
list the effector T cells
Th- helper
Tc- cytotoxic
Treg- regulatory (suppressor)
MHC =
major histocompatibility complex
T(h) cells express (1) glycoprotein and recognizes antigen in the MHC Class (I/II), meaning (intra/extra)-cellular. T(h) cells function to (4)
1- CD4 (CD4+ T cells)
2- MHC II
3- extracellular (/phagocytized)
4- help activate B cells, T(c) cells, macrophages in immune response
T(c) cells express (1) glycoprotein and recognizes antigen in the MHC Class (I/II), meaning (intra/extra)-cellular. T(c) cells function to (4)
1- CD8 (CD8+ T cells)
2- MHC I
3- intracellular (/virus)
4- eliminate intracellular microbes infected cells or cancerous cells
A dendritic cell may present an antigen via MHC II receptor, therefore (1) on (2) cells will recognize the antigen, resulting in the release of (3) for (4) function
1- CD4
2- T(h) cells
3- CKs
4- activate adaptive/nonadaptive immune system during infection
A dendritic cell may present an antigen via MHC I receptor, therefore (1) on (2) cells will recognize the antigen, resulting in the release of (3) for (4) function
1- CD8
2- T(c) cells
3- granzymes, perforins
4- destroy infected cells by rupturing cell membranes
T(r) cells, aka T (1) cells, express the following glycoproteins: (2). The main function of T(r) cells is to (3), but also have (4) and (5) as ancillary functions.
1- T suppressor cells 2- CD4, CD25, FOXP3 3- suppress immune system post-infection 4- maintain tolerance to self-antigens 5- prevent autoimmune diseases
CD4, CD25, FOXP3 glycoproteins are found on _________ cells
T regulatory cells (suppressor)
T(r) cells mainly target ______ to suppress immune response
T(h) / T helper cells
memory T cells are (CD4/CD8)+ cells which have the following function: (2)
1- either CD4+ or CD8+
2- after primary encounter with antigen with associated response, subsequent encounters will have faster/stronger immune responses
CD =
cluster of differentiation
CD34 indicates….
stem cell (of RBC or any WBC- myeloid or lymphoid)
CD45 indicates….
WBC
CD3 indicates….
T cell/lymphocyte
CD4 indicates….
T(h) cell
CD8 indicates….
T(c) cell
CD25 indicates….
active T cell
what is blood serum
liquid portion (non-cellular) of blood sample minus the clotting factors (as they have clotted)– otherwise it would be termed Plasma
list where prenatal hematopoiesis occurs
- initially yolk sac
- 2nd trimester more liver. spleen
- 3rd trimester mostly bone marrow
rank amount of hematopoiesis of bone marrow by specific bones
(greatest to least)
- vertebrae, pelvis
- sternum
- ribs
- long bones (femur)
all blood cells (red or white) arise from….
HSC (hematopoietic stem cells)
define PMN/PML/PMNL
PolyMorphoNuclear Lymphocytes: includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
list in order the abundance of all WBCs in blood
(most to least) neutrophils (50-70%) lymphocytes (20-40%) monocytes (1-6%) eosinophils (1-3%) basophils (<1%)
erythrocytes have a life span of (1) and are destroyed by (2) when necessary
1- 120 days
2- phagocytosed in spleen via macrophages
leukocytes have a life span of (1) and are destroyed by (2) when necessary
1- 1 day to 20-30 yrs
2- apoptosis
list the body compartments that participate in the immune system
- blood
- mononuclear phagocyte or reticuloendothelial system
- lymphatics
describe the Reticuloendothelial System’s role in immunity
- aka mononuclear phagocyte system
- network of CT fibers/cells surrounding organs
- phagocytic cells sit in CT ready to attack/ingest passing microbes (that passed 1st line of defense)
list three functions of the lymphatic system
- auxiliary route for ECF to return to circulatory system
- drain-off system for inflammatory response
- surveillance, recognition, protection against foreign material
list the primary lymphoid organs and their key property compared to secondary
- bone marrow
- thymus
-cell maturation, NO ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
list the secondary lymphoid organs and their key property compared to primary
- spleen, adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, MALT
- Antigen presenting sites (lymphocytes meet pathogens)
most of plasma Ig(1) and Ig(2) (90%) come from (3)
1- IgG
2- IgA
3- B cells in the bone marrow
thymus will destroy (induce death) on maturing T cells that (1) or (2)
1- recognize self-MHC molecules
2- interact too strongly with MHC molecules
immature thymocytes are found in (1) of the thymus and immunocompetent T cells are found in (2)
1- cortex
2- medulla
describe content of the 3 layers of lymph nodes
Cortex: B cells
Paracortex: T cells + dendritic cells (APCs)
Medulla: plasma cells (secretes Ab) + macrophages
describe the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid follicles
Primary: un-activated, no plasma or memory cells
Secondary: activated with Germinal center for plasma and memory cell production
describe lymphatic flow through a lymph node
- afferent lymphatics
- subcapsular sinus
- trabecular sinus
- medullary sinus
- efferent lymphatics
describe ‘white pulp’ of spleen
- PALs (periarteriolar lymphoid sheet) with T cells
- follicles with B cells
Note- marginal zone, antgens meet APCs (phagocytosis by innate system + initiation of immune response)
list the MALTs
(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)
- BALT (bronchial: tonsils, adenoids)
- GALT (gut: appendix, Peyer’s patches)
- SALT (skin)???
pathogens are transferred across mucosa via (1) and MALTs mainly produce (2)
1- Microfold cells (M cells)
2- IgA (released into lumen
