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TERM 3- Premidterm > L11, L13- Immunology Intro > Flashcards

L11, L13- Immunology Intro Flashcards

1
Q

define pathogen

A

something that causes disease

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2
Q

define antigen

A

any foreign substance that binds specifically to Ab or T-cell receptor

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3
Q

define epitope

A

specific portion of antigen that is recognized by Ab or T-cell receptor

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4
Q

define mitogen

A

chemical substance that encourages cell division

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5
Q

define immunogen

A

substance capable of eliciting immune response (all are antigens)

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6
Q

define hapten

A

small molecule that when combined with large carrier (usually protein) elicits production of Abs that bind specifically to it

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7
Q

define immunogenicity

A

capacity of substance (immunogen) to induce immune response

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8
Q

define antigenicity

A

ability of antigen to combine with Ab, T-cell receptor / MHC

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9
Q

define adjuvant

A

substance mixed with antigen to enhance Immunogenicity

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10
Q

adjuvants work generally by increasing (1) and (2), where (2) results in (3)

A

1- persistence of antigen
2- innate immune response
3- inflammation, stimulation of APC / lymphocytes

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11
Q

_____ is a common adjuvant in humans

A

alum

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12
Q

list the Antigen factors of Immunogenicity

A
  • foreignness: phylogenetic distance from host
  • molecular size: > 100,000 Da
  • chemical composition: more complex, proteins/carb/lipid
  • Adjuvant
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13
Q

for antigen factors to be recognized they usually need to be > ______ Da

A

100,000 Da

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14
Q

rank carbohydrates, lipids, proteins in order of immunogenic response

A

proteins > carbs > lipids

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15
Q

list host factors of Immunogenicity

A
  • host genotype: MHC, T/B-cell receptors

- dosage/administration

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16
Q

(slow/fast) release of antigen is important for its immunogenicity

(2) rank best routes of administration in regards to immunogenicity

A

1- slow

2- SQ > intraperitoneal > IV > intragastric

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17
Q

_____ route of antigen administration will produce local mucosal immunity, but not systemic immunity

A

oral route

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18
Q

list the three functions of immune system

A
  • Defense, protect against antigens
  • Homeostasis, remove old/damaged components/cells
  • Surveillance, perceive and destroy mutated / non-self cells
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19
Q

Innate immunity refers to the (immediate/delayed) (non-/specific) immune response with the following components: (3)

A

1- immediate reaction
2- non-specific
3- barriers (skin, gastric acidity, ect), phagocytic cells, temperature, antimicrobial peptides

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20
Q

(1) is a first line defense enzyme found in tears that functions to (2)

A

1- lysozyme

2- hydrolyzes cell wall of bacteria

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21
Q

semen contains _____ as defense against pathogens

A

antimicrobial chemical

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22
Q

sweat has high (1) and (2) as additional barrier for innate immunity

A

1- lactic acid

2- [electrolytes]

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23
Q

Acquired immunity refers to the (immediate/delayed) (non-/specific) immune response with the following attributes: (3)

A

1- delayed (7-14 days)
2- highly specific
3- memory (for pathogen/components), diversity (of defense components), cell- or Ab/humoral- mediated immunity

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24
Q

(T/F) innate immune response is always faster then adaptive immune response

A

F- adaptive is much faster upon repeat infections due to its memory components, innate is faster upon primary infection

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25
Q

acquired (specific) immunity is known as _____ line of defense

A

3rd (1st are barriers, 2nd is cellular/chemical innate immunity)

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26
Q

list cellular components of Innate immune system

A

monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, NK cells

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27
Q

list cellular components of Adaptive immune system

A

B-cells/plasma cells, T-cells

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28
Q

list humoral components of Innate immune system

A

complement, CKs, lysozyme, acute phase proteins, IFs

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29
Q

list humoral components of Adaptive immune system

A

Abs, CKs, complement

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30
Q

list lymphoid cells

A

NK cells, B and T cells

everything else is myeloid derived

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31
Q

Neutrophils are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its main function is to destroy organisms via (3) and (4)

A

1- granulocytes (many different types of granules)
2- Multi-lobed (2-5)
3- phagocytosis
4- release of hydrolytic enzymes

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32
Q

high numbers of ______ indicate acute infection as they are first to arrive to infected site

A

neutrophils

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33
Q

Eosinophils are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its main function is to eliminate (3), plays a role in (4), and phagocytize (5)

A 
1- granulocytes (crystalloid, azurophilic, specific granules)
2- multi-lobed / bilobed
3- parasites
4- allergic reactions
5- antigen-Ab complexes
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34
Q

high concentration of _____ indicates a parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

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35
Q

Basophils are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its possible functions included (3)

A

1- granulocytes (basophilic specific)
2- multi-lobed / bilobed (S-shaped
3- precursor to mast cells, mediate inflammatory response, role in allergic reactions

36
Q

Mast Cells are (a-/granulocytes) and mainly functions in (2) via (3) and (4) pathways of activation.

A

1- granulocytes
2- allergic reactions
3- innate TLR
4- Ab-dependent (IgE)

37
Q

Leukocytes are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)lobed nucleus. Its main functions are to (3) and (4)

A

1- agranulocytes
2- single nucleus
3- phagocytosis (differentiates to in various body sites)
4- antigen-presenting

38
Q

what are Macrophages termed in the following areas:

(1) connective tissue
(2) bone
(3) brain
(4) liver
(5) kidney

A 
1- histiocytes
2- osteoclasts
3- microglial cells
4- Kupffer cells
5- mesangial cells
39
Q

list two main features of dendritic cells

A
  • long, membranous extensions (stellar)

- CD14+

40
Q

list groups of dendritic cells

A
  • lymphoid or plasmacytoid-derived
  • myeloid or monocyte-derived
  • langerhans
  • follicular
41
Q

list functions of dendritic cells

A
  • surveillance
  • initiate inflammatory response
  • stimulate adaptive immune system (antigen presenting)
42
Q

NK cells are (a-/granulocytes) with (single/multi-)nucleus and have (3) and (4) as surface markers

A

1- granulocytes
2- single nucleus
3- CD16
4- CD56

43
Q

B cells/lymphocytes mature in (1) and its primary function is to (2)

A

1- bone marrow

2- display membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ab)

44
Q

list the two types of B-cells

A

Plasma cells: Ab secreting, die w/in 1-2 weeks

Memory B cells: same membrane-bound Ab as parent B cell, longer life span

45
Q

_______ are Ab secreting cells

A

Plasma cells (short-lived B cells)

46
Q

T cells/lymphocytes mature in _______

A

thymus

47
Q

T cell receptors will recognize (1) complexes and once (1) is encountered, the T cell will differentiate into (2) or (3)

A

1- antigens bound to MHC on cell membranes
2- effector T cells
3- memory T cells

48
Q

list the effector T cells

A

Th- helper
Tc- cytotoxic
Treg- regulatory (suppressor)

49
Q

MHC =

A

major histocompatibility complex

50
Q

T(h) cells express (1) glycoprotein and recognizes antigen in the MHC Class (I/II), meaning (intra/extra)-cellular. T(h) cells function to (4)

A

1- CD4 (CD4+ T cells)
2- MHC II
3- extracellular (/phagocytized)
4- help activate B cells, T(c) cells, macrophages in immune response

51
Q

T(c) cells express (1) glycoprotein and recognizes antigen in the MHC Class (I/II), meaning (intra/extra)-cellular. T(c) cells function to (4)

A

1- CD8 (CD8+ T cells)
2- MHC I
3- intracellular (/virus)
4- eliminate intracellular microbes infected cells or cancerous cells

52
Q

A dendritic cell may present an antigen via MHC II receptor, therefore (1) on (2) cells will recognize the antigen, resulting in the release of (3) for (4) function

A

1- CD4
2- T(h) cells
3- CKs
4- activate adaptive/nonadaptive immune system during infection

53
Q

A dendritic cell may present an antigen via MHC I receptor, therefore (1) on (2) cells will recognize the antigen, resulting in the release of (3) for (4) function

A

1- CD8
2- T(c) cells
3- granzymes, perforins
4- destroy infected cells by rupturing cell membranes

54
Q

T(r) cells, aka T (1) cells, express the following glycoproteins: (2). The main function of T(r) cells is to (3), but also have (4) and (5) as ancillary functions.

A 
1- T suppressor cells
2- CD4, CD25, FOXP3
3- suppress immune system post-infection
4- maintain tolerance to self-antigens
5- prevent autoimmune diseases
55
Q

CD4, CD25, FOXP3 glycoproteins are found on _________ cells

A

T regulatory cells (suppressor)

56
Q

T(r) cells mainly target ______ to suppress immune response

A

T(h) / T helper cells

57
Q

memory T cells are (CD4/CD8)+ cells which have the following function: (2)

A

1- either CD4+ or CD8+
2- after primary encounter with antigen with associated response, subsequent encounters will have faster/stronger immune responses

58
Q

CD =

A

cluster of differentiation

59
Q

CD34 indicates….

A

stem cell (of RBC or any WBC- myeloid or lymphoid)

60
Q

CD45 indicates….

A

WBC

61
Q

CD3 indicates….

A

T cell/lymphocyte

62
Q

CD4 indicates….

A

T(h) cell

63
Q

CD8 indicates….

A

T(c) cell

64
Q

CD25 indicates….

A

active T cell

65
Q

what is blood serum

A

liquid portion (non-cellular) of blood sample minus the clotting factors (as they have clotted)– otherwise it would be termed Plasma

66
Q

list where prenatal hematopoiesis occurs

A
  • initially yolk sac
  • 2nd trimester more liver. spleen
  • 3rd trimester mostly bone marrow
67
Q

rank amount of hematopoiesis of bone marrow by specific bones

A

(greatest to least)

  • vertebrae, pelvis
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • long bones (femur)
68
Q

all blood cells (red or white) arise from….

A

HSC (hematopoietic stem cells)

69
Q

define PMN/PML/PMNL

A

PolyMorphoNuclear Lymphocytes: includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

70
Q

list in order the abundance of all WBCs in blood

A 
(most to least)
neutrophils (50-70%)
lymphocytes (20-40%)
monocytes (1-6%)
eosinophils (1-3%)
basophils (<1%)
71
Q

erythrocytes have a life span of (1) and are destroyed by (2) when necessary

A

1- 120 days

2- phagocytosed in spleen via macrophages

72
Q

leukocytes have a life span of (1) and are destroyed by (2) when necessary

A

1- 1 day to 20-30 yrs

2- apoptosis

73
Q

list the body compartments that participate in the immune system

A
  • blood
  • mononuclear phagocyte or reticuloendothelial system
  • lymphatics
74
Q

describe the Reticuloendothelial System’s role in immunity

A
  • aka mononuclear phagocyte system
  • network of CT fibers/cells surrounding organs
  • phagocytic cells sit in CT ready to attack/ingest passing microbes (that passed 1st line of defense)
75
Q

list three functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • auxiliary route for ECF to return to circulatory system
  • drain-off system for inflammatory response
  • surveillance, recognition, protection against foreign material
76
Q

list the primary lymphoid organs and their key property compared to secondary

A
  • bone marrow
  • thymus

-cell maturation, NO ANTIGEN PRESENTATION

77
Q

list the secondary lymphoid organs and their key property compared to primary

A
  • spleen, adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, MALT
  • Antigen presenting sites (lymphocytes meet pathogens)
78
Q

most of plasma Ig(1) and Ig(2) (90%) come from (3)

A

1- IgG
2- IgA
3- B cells in the bone marrow

79
Q

thymus will destroy (induce death) on maturing T cells that (1) or (2)

A

1- recognize self-MHC molecules

2- interact too strongly with MHC molecules

80
Q

immature thymocytes are found in (1) of the thymus and immunocompetent T cells are found in (2)

A

1- cortex

2- medulla

81
Q

describe content of the 3 layers of lymph nodes

A

Cortex: B cells

Paracortex: T cells + dendritic cells (APCs)

Medulla: plasma cells (secretes Ab) + macrophages

82
Q

describe the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid follicles

A

Primary: un-activated, no plasma or memory cells

Secondary: activated with Germinal center for plasma and memory cell production

83
Q

describe lymphatic flow through a lymph node

A
  • afferent lymphatics
  • subcapsular sinus
  • trabecular sinus
  • medullary sinus
  • efferent lymphatics
84
Q

describe ‘white pulp’ of spleen

A
  • PALs (periarteriolar lymphoid sheet) with T cells
  • follicles with B cells

Note- marginal zone, antgens meet APCs (phagocytosis by innate system + initiation of immune response)

85
Q

list the MALTs

A

(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)

  • BALT (bronchial: tonsils, adenoids)
  • GALT (gut: appendix, Peyer’s patches)
  • SALT (skin)???
86
Q

pathogens are transferred across mucosa via (1) and MALTs mainly produce (2)

A

1- Microfold cells (M cells)

2- IgA (released into lumen

TERM 3- Premidterm (20 decks)

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