Extra Misc. Questions Flashcards
_____ on the TCR binds to Ag
α subunit
list the Igs with a J-chain
IgM (pentamer), IgA (dimer)
-J-chain deficiency => no production of these Igs
AID is responsible for….
-class switching
-somatic hypermutation
(note- occurs in secondary lymphoid organs)
RAG1/RAG2 are responsible for….
somatic recombination
what does Invariant Chain-Associated Pathway refer to
- MHC-II / endogenous / endocytic pathway
- invariant chain + CLIP protects MHC-II receptor
_____ removes CLIP from MHC-II and replaces it with Ag
HLA-DM
why does Gram+ stain more purple than Gram-
crystal violet stains peptidoglycan: Gram+ has more cross-linking, Gram- has weaker cross-linking and therefore stains less
what part of the endospore is responsible for it chemical and heat resistance
Ca Dipicolinate
Gram (+/-) are more susceptible to antiseptics (explain why)
Gram+ b/c the lack of outer membrane allows more movement of macromolecules into the cell (Gram- take up less antiseptic molecules)
_____ has the largest number of different microorganisms in the body
large intestine
Dengue virus has the following nucleic acid composition….
dsRNA (positive sense- acts as mRNA)
positive sense vs negative sense RNA
Pos: RNA strand acts as mRNA
Neg: RNA strand acts as template
SARS resevoirs
cats and bats
differentiate the coverage between Medicare and Medicaid
Medicare: elderly, disabled
Medicaid: poor, children
list the breakdown of insurance coverage in the US by type (percentage)
- employer 47%
- government 33%
- uninsured 13%
- self-pay 7%
what is RADAR (in suspected drug use)
R- routinely screen A- ask questions D- document findings A- assess safety R- review and refer
list schedule of the following vaccines: Hep B, MMR, Polio, TDaP (for neonates)
- Hep B: born, 1 m/o, 6 m/o
- MMR: 1 y/o
- TDaP: 2, 4, 6 m/o
- Polio: 2, 4, 6 m/o
Give the most effective/useful definition of what a p-value means
how likely it is we would observe an effect as large or larger GIVEN THE NULL IS TRUE
IL-3 function
stimulate bone marrow – inc myeloid progenitor cells
IL-7 function
stimulates lymphoid progenitors via HSC
IL-5 function
stimulates generation and activation of eosinophils
____ stimulates generation and activation of eosinophils
IL-5
IFN-γ is mainly secreted by….
- Th1 (CD4+) cells
- somewhat NK cells (via IL-12)
IFN-γ secretion from (1) cells is induced by (2) from macrophages and dendritic cells
1- NK cells
2- IL-12
____ activates NADPH oxidase
IFN-γ
____ enhances expression of MHC-I/II
IFN-γ
MAC deficiency leads to _____ infections
Nesseria Meningitidis
NK cells activate macrophages via (1)
macrophages activate NK cells via (2)
1- IFN-γ
2- IL-12
____ is a complement byproduct that is the most prominent chemotactic factor and anaphylatoxin at the same time
C5a
absent ___ from complement results in autoimmune disease
C3b
(T/F) only the adaptive immune system is involved in autoimmune diseases
T
in a viral infection, ____ is secreted to neighboring cells
INF-α, INF-β
_____ induces chemokine release
IL-1, TNF-α (=> IL-8 + other chemokines)
____ is generated in a phagolysosome after fusion
hypocholorite
____ cells secrete CKs to stimulate isoswitching and production of specific IgG
CD4+ Th cells
IL-10 production and function
- produced by macrophages (mainly) and Tr/Th2 (somewhat)
- inhibits inflammatory CKs: TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6
_____ binds Basophils to trigger Histamine release when triggered by Ag/allergic rxn
IgE
class switching occurs in (1) via (2) enzyme; it is stimulated by (3) to switch to IgE
1- secondary lymphoid organs
2- AID
3- IL-4 (+ IL-5)
____ is responsible for the release of serum immune proteins
TNF-α
List study types that use Odds Ratios and those that use relative
Odds Ratio: case control, cross-sectional
Relative Risks: cohort, RCTs
granulomas visible on X-Rays are due to….
INF-γ
what is a key sign of LAD in a neonate
persistent umbilical stump (Absent β-2 integrin subunit)
CD18 is found on (1)
CD14 is found on (2)
1- neutrophils
2- monocytes (dendritic cells)
PAMP recognition by monocytes is completed by…
CD14
Catalase+ test indicates the presence of the following….
catalase, SOD enzymes
CD25 indicates…
active T-cell
____ from complement binds to mast cell for Histamine release
C3a
Pygamalion effect
researcher expects treatment group to do better and has more positive view or documents more positive outcomes
