L4 CH6 Vocab Flashcards
Villi
Absorption of Fats and Fat-Soluble
FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
small fingerlike projections in the small intestine that digest food. Each villus (singular) contains lacteals and blood vessels.
Lacteals
Absorption of Fats and Fat-Soluble
FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary
fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals.
Interstitial fluid
Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Creation
FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
also known as intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues.
Lymph
Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Creation
FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. Lymph is a clear, watery
fluid containing electrolytes and proteins. It plays essential roles in the lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with the immune system.
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic Capillaries
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with
capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. These cells separate briefly to allow the lymph to enter the capillary. Then the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow upward and forward
lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
located deeper within the tissues. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph.
right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. The right lymphatic duct
empties into the right subclavian vein.
thoracic duct
Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left
arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs. The thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein.
lymph node
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens. Unfiltered
lymph flows into the nodes, and here the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells.
Cervical lymph nodes
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
located along
the sides of the neck
Axillary lymph nodes
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
located
under the arms in the area known as the armpits
Inguinal lymph nodes
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
located in
the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells
antigen
Lymphocytes
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
any substance that the body regards as being foreign. This includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues. There are three types of lymphocytes: natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells.
Differentiation
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
to be
modified to perform a specific function.
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Lymphocytes
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses.
B cells
B Cells
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
B lymphocytes, are specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each lymphocyte makes a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen.
Plasma cells
B Cells
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
develop from B cells and secrete a large
volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific
antigens.
T cells
T Cells
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
T lymphocytes, originate in the thymus. These
lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated
immunity.
Cytokines
T Cells
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to
begin the immune response.
Interferons (IFNs)
T Cells
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. Interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.
Interleukins
T Cells
STRUCTURES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate.
lymphoid
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue.
tonsils
Tonsils
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. Prevents pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth.
adenoids
Tonsils
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx
palatine tonsils
Tonsils
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth.
lingual tonsils
Tonsils
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
located at the base
of the tongue; however, they are not readily visible.
thymus
Thymus Gland
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart. As part of the endocrine system, the thymus secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
vermiform appendix
The Vermiform Appendix
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine. May play an important role in
the immune system.
spleen
The Spleen
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located
in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the
stomach. filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. Forms lymphocytes and monocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) with
important roles in the immune system. Destroys worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse. Stores extra erythrocytes and maintains the appropriate balance between
these cells and the plasma of the blood.
Pathogens
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
disease-producing
microorganisms.
Allergens
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
substances that produce allergic
reactions.
Toxins
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
poisonous or harmful substances.
Malignant cells
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
potentially life-threatening
cancer cells.
Intact skin
Immune System’s First Line of Defense
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
wraps the body in a physical barrier to
prevent invading organisms from entering the body. Skin is also covered with an acid mantle that makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria.
respiratory system
Immune System’s First Line
of Defense
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
traps breathed-in foreign matter
with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system. The tonsils form a protective ring around the entrance to the throat. If foreign matter gets past these barriers, coughing and sneezing help expel it from the respiratory system.
digestive system
Immune System’s First Line
of Defense
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food.
lymphatic system
Immune System’s First Line
of Defense
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
with specialized leukocytes work together in
specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body.
antigen–antibody reaction
Antigen–Antibody Reaction
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
antibody
Antigen–Antibody Reaction
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
also called immunoglobulin, disease-fighting
protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen. Five primary types
Phagocytes
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
specialized leukocytes that
act as part of the antigen–antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens. Phagocytes include monocytes,macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.
Monocytes
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
leukocytes that provide immunological
defenses against many infectious organisms. Monocytes replenish macrophages and dendritic cells.
macrophage
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. Macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells. Deriverom monocytes after they leave the
bloodstream and enter into the tissue.
Dendritic cells
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Phagocytes
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. When such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs it, swallows it, and alerts B and T cells to act against this specific antigen.
complement system
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, The Complement System
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them
to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells.
Immunity
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
state of being resistant to a specific
disease. This resistance can be present naturally, or it can be acquired.
Natural immunity
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
passive immunity, present at birth, and can be augmented when breast milk passes from a nursing mother to her baby.
Acquired immunity
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
obtained by having had a contagious
disease. Being vaccinated against a contagious
disease provides protection against that disease, without having been exposed to
the risk of actually having the disease.
vaccine
Antigen–Antibody Reaction, Immunity
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
preparation containing an antigen,
consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened.
