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medical terminology > L3 CH5 Vocab > Flashcards

L3 CH5 Vocab Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cardiovascular

FUNCTIONS OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. These structures work together to efficiently pump blood to all body tissues.

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2
Q

heart

The Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs

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3
Q

apex

The Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

the lower tip of the heart.

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4
Q

pericardium

The Pericardium

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

pericardial sac, is the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

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5
Q

parietal pericardium

The Pericardium

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

fibrous sac that surrounds
and protects the heart

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6
Q

Pericardial fluid

The Pericardium

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

found between these two layers,
where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats

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7
Q

visceral pericardium

The Pericardium

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart

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8
Q

epicardium

The Walls of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

external
layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

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9
Q

myocardium

The Walls of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

myocardial muscle, the middle
and thickest of the heart’s three layers. Specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates the pumping movement necessary to maintain
the flow of blood throughout the body

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10
Q

endocardium

The Walls of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the
heart

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11
Q

coronary arteries

Blood Supply to the Myocardium

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

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12
Q

atria

The Chambers of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

the two upper chambers of
the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interatrial septum

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13
Q

septum

The Chambers of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

wall that separates
two chambers

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14
Q

ventricles

The Chambers of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

the two lower chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interventricular septum

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15
Q

tricuspid valve

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

controls the opening
between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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16
Q

tricuspid

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

having three cusps (points)

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17
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

located between the right ventricle
and the pulmonary artery

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18
Q

Pulmonary

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

pertaining
to the lungs

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19
Q

semilunar

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

means half-moon

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20
Q

mitral valve

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

located between the left
atrium and left ventricle

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21
Q

Mitral

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

bicuspid valve, shaped like a
bishop’s mitre (hat)

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22
Q

aortic semilunar valve

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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23
Q

Oxygenated

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

oxygen rich, or containing an adequate
supply of oxygen

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24
Q

Deoxygenated

The Valves of the Heart

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

oxygen poor,
or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen.

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25
Q

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

the flow of blood only
between the heart and lungs.

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26
Q

pulmonary arteries

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

carry deoxygenated
blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins.

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27
Q

pulmonary veins

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood.

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28
Q

Systemic circulation

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

includes the flow of blood to all
parts of the body except the lungs.

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29
Q

heartbeat

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

conduction system, ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence. The rate and regularity of the heartbeat is determined by electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart.

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30
Q

sinoatrial node

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

SA node, is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. The natural pacemaker of the heart.

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31
Q

atrioventricular node

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

impulses from the SA node also travel to the AV node is located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum. From here, it transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His.

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32
Q

bundle of His (HISS)

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers.

33
Q

Purkinje fibers

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. Relays the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, that causes the ventricles to contract. This contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

34
Q

sinus rhythm

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

the normal beating of the heart that can be visualized as wave movements on a monitor or as an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). Consists of P wave, QRS complex and T wave

35
Q

P wave

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

stimulation (contraction) of
the atria.

36
Q

QRS complex

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

stimulation (contraction) of
the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract.

37
Q

T wave

The Heartbeat

STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles.

38
Q

3 types of blood vessels

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

arteries, capillaries, and veins. These vessels form the arterial and venous circulatory systems

39
Q

arteries

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

large blood vessels that carry blood
away from the heart to all regions of the body.

40
Q

endarterial

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

within an
artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery.

41
Q

Arterial blood

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

bright red in color because it is oxygen
rich. The pumping action of the heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut.

42
Q

aorta

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

largest blood vessel in the body. It begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system

43
Q

carotid arteries

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

major
arteries that carry blood upward to the head.

44
Q

common carotid artery

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

located on each side of
the neck.

45
Q

internal carotid artery

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

brings oxygen-rich blood to the brain.

46
Q

external carotid artery

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

brings blood to the face.

47
Q

arterioles

Arteries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. As it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood
slows.

48
Q

Capillaries

Capillaries

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the
body. The capillaries form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen
and nutrients to the cells of the tissues

49
Q

Veins

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

50
Q

Venules

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

the smallest veins that join to
form the larger veins

51
Q

Venous

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

relating to, or contained in, the veins.

52
Q

Superficial veins

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

located near the body surface.

53
Q

Deep veins

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

located within the tissues and away
from the body surface.

54
Q

venae cavae

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

the two largest veins in the body. These are the veins that return blood into the heart (singular, vena cava).

55
Q

superior vena cava

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

transports blood from the
upper portion of the body to the heart

56
Q

inferior vena cava

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

transports blood from
the lower portion of the body to the heart

57
Q

pulse

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of
an artery caused by the contraction of the heart.

58
Q

Blood pressure

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

the measurement of the amount of
systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.

59
Q

Systolic pressure

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

60
Q

systole

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

contraction of the heart, and systolic means pertaining to this contraction phase.

61
Q

Diastolic pressure

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery.

62
Q

diastole

Veins

THE BLOOD VESSELS

A

relaxation of the heart, and diastolic means pertaining to this relaxation phase.

63
Q

Blood

BLOOD

A

the fluid tissue in the body. It is composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements.

64
Q

Plasma

Plasma

BLOOD

A

straw-colored fluid that contains
nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins.

65
Q

Serum

Plasma

BLOOD

A

plasma fluid after the blood cells
and the clotting proteins have been removed.

66
Q

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

Plasma

BLOOD

A

the clotting proteins found in
plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding.

67
Q

Erythrocytes

Formed Elements of the Blood

BLOOD

A

red blood cells (RBCs), are mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. The primary role of these cells is to transport oxygen to the tissues.

68
Q

hemoglobin

Formed Elements of the Blood, Erythrocytes

BLOOD

A

the oxygen-carrying blood protein
pigment of the erythrocytes

69
Q

Leukocytes

Formed Elements of the Blood, Leukocytes

BLOOD

A

white blood cells (WBCs), are the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign
substances

70
Q

Neutrophils

Formed Elements of the Blood, Leukocytes

BLOOD

A

red bone marrow, are the most common type of WBC. Through phagocytosis, neutrophils play a major role in the
immune system’s defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

71
Q

Phagocytosis

Formed Elements of the Blood, Leukocytes

BLOOD

A

process
of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing
them.

72
Q

Basophils

Formed Elements of the Blood, Leukocytes

BLOOD

A

formed in red bone marrow, are the least common type of WBC. Basophils are responsible for causing the symptoms of
allergies.

73
Q

Eosinophils

Formed Elements of the Blood, Leukocytes

BLOOD

A

formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions.

74
Q

Lymphocytes

Formed Elements of the Blood, Leukocytes

BLOOD

A

formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen. Lymphocytes
identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.

75
Q

Monocytes

Formed Elements of the Blood, Leukocytes

BLOOD

A

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms.

76
Q

Thrombocytes

Formed Elements of the Blood, Thrombocytes

BLOOD

A

platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in the clotting of blood

77
Q

Blood types

Blood types

BLOOD

A

classified according to the presence or
absence of certain antigens. The four major blood types are A, AB, B, and O. The A, AB, and B groups are based on the presence of the A and/or B antigens on the red blood cells. In contrast, in type O blood both the A and B antigens are absent.

78
Q

The Rh Factor

The Rh Factor

BLOOD

A

defines the presence or absence of the
Rh antigen on red blood cells. 85% of Americans have the Rh antigen, and these
individuals are described as being Rh positive (Rh+). The rest are described as being Rh negative (Rh–).

79
Q

Blood gases

Blood Gases

BLOOD

A

gases that are normally dissolved in
the liquid portion of blood. The major blood gases are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

medical terminology (33 decks)

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