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Medical Terminology > L3 CH5 CPDT > Flashcards

L3 CH5 CPDT Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cardiologist

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
RELATED TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart

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2
Q

hematologist

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
RELATED TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and bloodforming
tissues

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3
Q

vascular surgeon

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
RELATED TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.

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4
Q

Congenital heart defects

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally
before birth

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5
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

also known as coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic heart disease, is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This creates an insufficient
supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death.

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol
plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

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7
Q

plaque

Atherosclerosis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

found within the
lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit

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8
Q

lumen

Atherosclerosis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

the opening within these vessels through
which the blood flows.

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9
Q

atheroma

Atherosclerosis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

characteristic of atherosclerosis, is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

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10
Q

Ischemia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

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11
Q

Angina

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. These
episodes are due to ischemia of the heart muscle and often progressively worsen as the blood flow continues to be compromised until a myocardial infarction occurs.

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12
Q

Stable angina

Angina

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

occurs during exertion (exercise) and
resolves with rest.

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13
Q

Unstable angina

Angina

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

may occur either during exertion or
rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction.

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14
Q

myocardial infarction

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

heart attack, is the occlusion
(blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.

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15
Q

infarction

Myocardial Infarction

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

a sudden insufficiency of
blood.

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16
Q

infarct

Myocardial Infarction

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

localized area of dead tissue caused by
a lack of blood.

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17
Q

congestive
heart failure (CHF)

Heart Failure

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues. In this chronic condition the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. The decreased pumping action causes congestion.

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18
Q

congestion

Heart Failure

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

fluid buildup.

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19
Q

Left-sided heart failure

Heart Failure

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

causes an accumulation of
fluid in the lungs also known as pulmonary edema.

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20
Q

Right-sided heart failure

Heart Failure

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

the result of left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body.

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21
Q

Cardiomegaly

Heart Failure

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability

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22
Q

Carditis

Carditis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation of the heart

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23
Q

Endocarditis

Carditis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation
of the inner lining of the heart

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24
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

Carditis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation of the lining
or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. One cause of this condition is bleeding during dental surgery because it
allows bacteria from the mouth to enter the bloodstream.

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25
Q

Pericarditis

Carditis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation of the pericardium. This
inflammation causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, and this excess fluid restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body.

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26
Q

Myocarditis

Carditis

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

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27
Q

Cardiomyopathy

Diseases of the Myocardium

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

describes all diseases of the heart muscle

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28
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Diseases of the Myocardium

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly.

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29
Q

Dilation

Diseases of the Myocardium

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

expansion
of a hollow structure.

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30
Q

heart murmur

Heart Valves

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. Heart murmurs are most often caused by defective heart valves, but they do not
usually require surgery unless they affect the patient’s quality of life.

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31
Q

Valvulitis

Heart Valves

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation of a
heart valve

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32
Q

Valvular prolapse

Heart Valves

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

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33
Q

Prolapse

Heart Valves

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part. This condition is named for the affected valve

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34
Q

Valvular stenosis

Heart Valves

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.

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35
Q

arrhythmia

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormality in the electrical conduction
system of the heart due to the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. This can be a minor, temporary episode, or it can be a fatal event. The severity of this episode depends on how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised.

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36
Q

Asystole

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

flat line, complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.

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37
Q

Cardiac arrest

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

event in which the heart abruptly
stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that preventsit from pumping blood effectively.

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38
Q

Sudden cardiac death

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

results when treatment of cardiac
arrest is not provided within a few minutes.

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39
Q

Heart block

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

congenital or acquired arrhythmia
caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.

40
Q

Bradycardia

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormally
slow resting heart rate less than 60 beats per minute. Occurs when the passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked.

41
Q

Tachycardia

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormally rapid resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute (BPM).

42
Q

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at
or above the atrioventricular (AV) node

43
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

V-tach, is a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles. This condition is potentially fatal because the
heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body.

44
Q

fibrillation

Atrial and Ventricular Fibrillations

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia.

45
Q

Atrial fibrillation

Atrial and Ventricular Fibrillations

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

A-fib, is the most common type of tachycardia. It occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. This causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria producing an irregular rate of 80–180 beats per minute or more.

46
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

Atrial and Ventricular Fibrillations

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

V-fib, consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffectively. This condition is the cause of many sudden cardiac deaths

47
Q

Palpitation

Atrial and Ventricular Fibrillations

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. This condition is associated with certain heart disorders; however, it can also occur during a panic attack

48
Q

Vasculitis

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation of a blood vessel. There are many types of vasculitis, including phlebitis and angiitis or arteritis

49
Q

Polyarteritis

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time. Rare but serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries.

50
Q

Temporal arteritis

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

giant cell arteritis, is a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual
impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms. It is diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells. Temporal arteritis can cause unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more
rarely, a stroke.

51
Q

Angiostenosis

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

52
Q

hemangioma

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

benign
tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

53
Q

Hypoperfusion

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

deficiency
of blood passing through an organ or body part.

54
Q

Perfusion

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

flow of blood through the vessels of an
organ.

55
Q

aneurysm

Blood Vessel Abnormalities, Arteries

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.
The rupture of an aneurysm can be fatal because of the rapid loss of blood.

56
Q

Arteriosclerosis

Blood Vessel Abnormalities, Arteries

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

57
Q

Arteriostenosis

Blood Vessel Abnormalities, Arteries

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

58
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency

Blood Vessel Abnormalities,Veins

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

condition in which venous circulation
is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves. This condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous
blood into the tissues causes discoloration of the skin.

59
Q

Phlebitis

Blood Vessel Abnormalities, Veins

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inflammation of a vein. The
walls of the vein are often infiltrated and a
thrombus formed. This condition usually occurs in a superficial vein

60
Q

Varicose veins

Blood Vessel Abnormalities, Veins

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs. This condition occurs when the valves in these veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge

61
Q

thrombosis

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal condition
of having a thrombus

62
Q

thrombus

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

blood clot attached
to the interior wall of an artery or vein

63
Q

thrombotic occlusion

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

blocking of an artery by a thrombus.

64
Q

coronary thrombosis

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

damage to the heart muscle caused by a
thrombus blocking a coronary artery

65
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein. forms in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car. The danger is that the thrombus (clot) will break loose and travel to a lung where it can be fatal by causing a blockage

66
Q

embolism

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

sudden blockage of a
blood vessel by an embolus

67
Q

embolus

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or
tumor, that is circulating in the blood

68
Q

Peripheral vascular diseases

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys.

69
Q

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

peripheral vascular
disease that is caused by atherosclerosis. Thiscondition is a common and serious problem affecting more than 20% of all patients over 70 years of age. Impaired circulation to the extremities and vital
organs can cause changes in the skin color and temperature.

70
Q

Raynaud’s disease

Thromboses and Embolisms

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. The symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes.

71
Q

Blood dyscrasia

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

any pathologic
condition of the cellular elements of the blood

72
Q

Hemochromatosis

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

iron overload disease, is a genetic
disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

73
Q

Leukopenia

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating
in the blood

74
Q

Polycythemia

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone
marrow.

75
Q

Sepsis

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

septicemia, is a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the
bloodstream. Can result in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body.

76
Q

Thrombocytopenia

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood, associated with
abnormal bleeding.

77
Q

Thrombocytosis

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the
circulating blood

78
Q

hemorrhage

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

loss of a large
amount of blood in a short time

79
Q

transfusion reaction

Blood Disorders

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.

80
Q

Cholesterol

Blood Disorders, Cholesterol

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body. It aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D. Some cholesterol comes from dietary sources, and some is created by
the liver. Excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to heart disease

81
Q

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)

A

referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.

82
Q

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)

A

good cholesterol because it carries unneeded
cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup.

83
Q

Triglycerides

A

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities.

84
Q

Hyperlipidemia

Blood Disorders, Cholesterol

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

85
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Blood Disorders, Leukemia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

type of cancer in which there is
insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. Some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia.

86
Q

Leukemia

Blood Disorders, Leukemia

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

type of cancer characterized
by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. The four most common types of leukemia are acute or chronic myeloid leukemia and
acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia.

87
Q

Anemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

lower-than-normal number
of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath. The severity of this condition is usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

88
Q

Aplastic anemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

89
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

Iron, an essential component of hemoglobin, is normally from food intake and by recycling iron from old red blood cells. Without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood can’t carry oxygen effectively. Can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption of iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron.

90
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

red blood cells are larger than
normal. This condition usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12.

91
Q

Hemolytic anemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature
destruction of red blood cells by the spleen. Can be inherited or acquired, the most common examples are two types that are hereditary: sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

92
Q

Pernicious anemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal
tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the
formation of red blood cells.

93
Q

Sickle cell anemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red
blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. This sickle shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems.

94
Q

Hemolytic

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

pertaining to hemolysis, the
breaking down of red blood cells.

95
Q

Thalassemia

Blood Disorders, Anemias

PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood
cells than normal.

Medical Terminology (37 decks)

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