L3 CH5 CPDT Flashcards

Question

Pericarditis | Carditis ## Footnote PATHOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Answer 1

inflammation of the pericardium. This inflammation causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, and this excess fluid restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body.

Answer 2

inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

Answer 3

describes all diseases of the heart muscle

Answer 4

disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly.

Answer 5

expansion of a hollow structure.

Answer 6

abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. Heart murmurs are most often caused by defective heart valves, but they do not usually require surgery unless they affect the patient’s quality of life.

Answer 7

inflammation of a heart valve

Answer 8

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

Answer 9

falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part. This condition is named for the affected valve

Answer 10

condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.

Answer 11

abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart due to the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. This can be a minor, temporary episode, or it can be a fatal event. The severity of this episode depends on how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised.

Answer 12

flat line, complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.

Answer 13

event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that preventsit from pumping blood effectively.

Answer 14

results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes.

Answer 15

congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.

Answer 16

abnormally slow resting heart rate less than 60 beats per minute. Occurs when the passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked.

Answer 17

abnormally rapid resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute (BPM).

Answer 18

episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 19

V-tach, is a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles. This condition is potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body.

Answer 20

a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to the fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia.

Answer 21

A-fib, is the most common type of tachycardia. It occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. This causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria producing an irregular rate of 80–180 beats per minute or more.

Answer 22

V-fib, consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffectively. This condition is the cause of many sudden cardiac deaths

Answer 23

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. This condition is associated with certain heart disorders; however, it can also occur during a panic attack

Answer 24

inflammation of a blood vessel. There are many types of vasculitis, including phlebitis and angiitis or arteritis

Answer 25

form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time. Rare but serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries.

Answer 26

giant cell arteritis, is a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms. It is diagnosed when a biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells. Temporal arteritis can cause unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more rarely, a stroke.

Answer 27

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

Answer 28

benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

Answer 29

deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part.

Answer 30

flow of blood through the vessels of an organ.

Answer 31

localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. The rupture of an aneurysm can be fatal because of the rapid loss of blood.

Answer 32

any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Answer 33

abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

Answer 34

condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves. This condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into the tissues causes discoloration of the skin.

Answer 35

inflammation of a vein. The walls of the vein are often infiltrated and a thrombus formed. This condition usually occurs in a superficial vein

Answer 36

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs. This condition occurs when the valves in these veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge

Answer 37

abnormal condition of having a thrombus

Answer 38

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

Answer 39

blocking of an artery by a thrombus.

Answer 40

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

Answer 41

condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein. forms in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car. The danger is that the thrombus (clot) will break loose and travel to a lung where it can be fatal by causing a blockage

Answer 42

sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

Answer 43

foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood

Answer 44

disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys.

Answer 45

peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis. Thiscondition is a common and serious problem affecting more than 20% of all patients over 70 years of age. Impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs can cause changes in the skin color and temperature.

Answer 46

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. The symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes.

Answer 47

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

Answer 48

iron overload disease, is a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

Answer 49

decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood

Answer 50

abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow.

Answer 51

septicemia, is a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. Can result in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body.

Answer 52

abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood, associated with abnormal bleeding.

Answer 53

abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

Answer 54

loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

Answer 55

serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.

Answer 56

fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body. It aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D. Some cholesterol comes from dietary sources, and some is created by the liver. Excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to heart disease

Answer 57

referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.

Answer 58

good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup.

Answer 59

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities.

Answer 60

describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

Answer 61

type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. Some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia.

Answer 62

type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. The four most common types of leukemia are acute or chronic myeloid leukemia and acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia.

Answer 63

lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath. The severity of this condition is usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

Answer 64

characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

Answer 65

Iron, an essential component of hemoglobin, is normally from food intake and by recycling iron from old red blood cells. Without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood can't carry oxygen effectively. Can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption of iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron.

Answer 66

red blood cells are larger than normal. This condition usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12.

Answer 67

inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen. Can be inherited or acquired, the most common examples are two types that are hereditary: sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

Answer 68

caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells.

Answer 69

genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. This sickle shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems.

Answer 70

pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of red blood cells.

Answer 71

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.