L2 CH3 PCT Flashcards
Professions, conditions and treatments
chiropractor
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
Doctor of
Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
orthopedic surgeon
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
orthopedist, is a physician who specializes
in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders
involving the bones, joints, and muscles
osteopath
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
Doctor of
Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of
medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating
health problems by spinal manipulation
podiatrist
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
Doctor of Podiatry
(DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree
and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders
of the foot
rheumatologist
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia,
and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
Ankylosis
Joints
loss or absence of
mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
Adhesive capsulitis
Joints
frozen shoulder, is painful ankylosis of the
shoulder
Arthrosclerosis
Joints
stiffness
of the joints, especially in the elderly
Baker’s cyst
Joints
popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac behind the knee. This usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. The condition is named for British surgeon William Baker
Bursitis
Joints
inflammation of a bursa
Chondromalacia
Joints
abnormal softening of cartilage
Costochondritis
Joints
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the
sternum
Hallux valgus
Joints
bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the
base of the great toe
Hemarthrosis
Joints
blood within a joint. This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It also
can occur spontaneously in patients taking bloodthinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Joints
inflammatory disorder of
the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
sprain
Joints
when a ligament that connects bones
to a joint is wrenched or torn
Synovitis
Joints
inflammation of the
synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of
the affected joint. Can be
caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage
Dislocation
luxation is the total displacement of a bone from its joint
Subluxation
partial
displacement of a bone from its joint
Arthritis
an inflammatory condition
of one or more joints. There are more than 100 types of arthritis with many different causes
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Arthritis
wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated
with aging
Spondylosis
Arthritis
spinal osteoarthritis. This degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
Gout
Arthritis
gouty arthritis, is a type of
arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe. Joints
affected by gout are typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder
in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Arthritis
form of rheumatoid arthritis that
primarily causes inflammation of the joints between
the vertebrae
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
Arthritis
autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger,
with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue. Many children with JRA outgrow it
herniated disk
Spinal Column
slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
Lumbago
Spinal Column
low back
pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine
Spondylolisthesis
Spinal Column
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum
below it
Spina bifida
Spinal Column
congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
Kyphosis
Spinal Column
abnormal increase in the
outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed
from the side
Lordosis
Spinal Column
abnormal increase in the
forward curvature of the lumbar spine
Scoliosis
Spinal Column
abnormal lateral
(sideways) curvature of the spine
Avascular necrosis
Bones
osteonecrosis, is an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
Craniostenosis
Bones
malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
Osteitis
Bones
also spelled ostitis, is an
inflammation of a bone
Osteomalacia
Bones
adult rickets, is abnormal softening of
bones in adults
Osteomyelitis
Bones
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent
bone
Paget’s disease
Bones
chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. Characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is often structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak
Periostitis
Bones
inflammation of
the periosteum
Rickets
Bones
deficiency disease occurring in
children. characterized by defective
bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus
levels in the bones
Short stature
Bones
dwarfism, condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to
the size of the head and trunk. More than 200 different conditions can cause short stature, which is an adult height of no more than 4 feet 10 in.
talipes
Bones
clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the
foot involving the talus
Primary bone cancer
Bone Tumors
rare malignant
tumor that originates in a bone
secondary bone cancer
Bone Tumors
tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs
myeloma
Bone Tumors
cancer that
occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone
marrow
osteochondroma
Bone Tumors
benign bony projection covered with cartilage
Osteoporosis
Bones
marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that
is frequently associated with aging
Osteopenia
Bones
Thinner than average bone density. Term is used to describe the condition of someone who doesn’t yet have osteoporosis, but has a greater-than-average chance of developing
it. Risk factors include aging, smoking,
drinking, and a lack of calcium in the diet. Young femaleswho do not consume enough calories may also develop the
condition
compression fracture
Bones
vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself. These fractures are
sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury. This results in pain, loss of height, and development of the
spinal curvature known as dowager’s hump
Colles’ fracture
Bones
named for the Irish surgeon
Abraham Colles, is also known as a fractured wrist. Occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands. The impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break
osteoporotic hip fracture
Bones
broken hip, is usually caused by
weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can
occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
closed fracture
Types of Fractures
simple fracture or
a complete fracture, is one in which the bone is broken,
but there is no open wound in the skin
open fracture
Types of Fractures
compound fracture,
is one in which the bone is broken and there is
an open wound in the skin
comminuted fracture
Types of Fractures
the bone is splintered or crushed
greenstick fracture
Types of Fractures
incomplete fracture, is one
in which the bone is bent and only partially broken.
This type of fracture occurs primarily in children.
oblique fracture
Types of Fractures
occurs at an angle across the
bone.
pathologic fracture
Types of Fractures
occurs when a weakened bone
breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being
weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as
cancer
spiral fracture
Types of Fractures
the bone has
been twisted apart. This type of fracture occurs as the
result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports
injury
stress fracture
Types of Fractures
overuse injury, is a small
crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact.
transverse fracture
Types of Fractures
occurs straight across the bone.
radiograph
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
x-ray, is the use of
x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
Arthroscopy
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
visual examination
of the internal structure of a joint
bone marrow biopsy
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
diagnostic test that may be
necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white
blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
Bone marrow aspiration
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow. This procedure
is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes or to collect bone marrow for medical procedures such
as stem cell transplantation
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex
joints. It is not the most effective method of imaging hard tissues such as bone.
Bone density testing (BDT)
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
determine losses
or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose
conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia,
osteopenia, and Paget’s disease
Ultrasonic bone density testing
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of
bone mass. In this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone. If the
results indicate risks, more definitive testing is indicated.
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
low-exposure radiographic measurement
of the spine and hips to measure bone
density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing.
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
treat certain
types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas
allogenic bone marrow transplant
Types of Bone Marrow Transplants
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling . There is the danger that the recipient’s body will reject the transplant.
autologous bone marrow transplant
Types of Bone Marrow Transplants
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which
have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body is
destroyed
orthotic
Medical Devices
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
mechanical appliance,
such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is
specially designed to control, correct, or compensate
for impaired limb function.
prosthesis
Medical Devices
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
substitute for a diseased
or missing body part, such as a leg that has been
amputated
Arthrodesis
Joints
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder. Performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint.
Arthrolysis
Joints
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical loosening
of an ankylosed joint
Arthroscopic surgery
Joints
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint with the use of an arthroscope and
instruments inserted through small incisions
Chondroplasty
Joints
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical
repair of damaged cartilage
synovectomy
Joints
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint. Can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
arthroplasty
Joint Replacements
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Surgical repair of a damaged
joint. However, this term has come to mean the surgical
placement of an artificial joint.
implant
Joint Replacements
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
prothesis for joint replacement
total knee replacement (TKR)
Joint Replacements
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
total knee arthroplasty, all of
the parts of the knee were replaced.
partial knee replacement (PKR)
Joint Replacements
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
procedure
in which only part of the knee is replaced
total hip replacement (THR)
Joint Replacements
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
total hip arthroplasty, performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. A plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur.
Hip resurfacing
Joint Replacements
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
alternative to removing the head
of the femur. Function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum.
Revision surgery
Joint Replacements
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
replacement of a worn or
failed implant.
percutaneous diskectomy
Spinal Column
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
treat a herniated
intervertebral disk. In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with
a laser
Percutaneous
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
performed through
the skin.
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
Spinal Column
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
treat osteoporosis-related compression fracturesminimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the
spinal column.
laminectomy
Spinal Column
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a
vertebra
Spinal fusion
Spinal Column
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
technique to immobilize part of the
spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae
Fusion
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Fusion to join together
craniectomy
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical
removal of a portion of the skull. Performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain
intracranial pressure
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
the
amount of pressure inside the skull.
craniotomy
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical incision or opening into the skull. performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures
cranioplasty
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical
repair of the skull
Osteoclasis
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURESBones
surgical fracture
of a bone to correct a deformity
ostectomy
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical
removal of bone
Osteorrhaphy
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical
suturing, or wiring together, of bones
Osteotomy
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
surgical cutting
of a bone
periosteotomy
Bones
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
incision through the periosteum to the bone
Closed reduction
Treatment of Fractures
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
AKA manipulation, is the
attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned
to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing
open reduction
Treatment of Fractures
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
When a closed reduction is not practical, a surgical procedure is required to
realign the bone parts
Immobilization
Treatment of Fractures
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
stabilization, is the act
of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast.
Traction
Treatment of Fractures
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal
direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment.
External fixation
Treatment of Fractures
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing. When healing is complete, the appliance is removed
Internal fixation
Treatment of Fractures
TREATMENT PROCEDURES
open reduction
internal fixation (ORIF), is a fracture treatment where a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone
to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed
