L3.1: Major Learning Theories Flashcards
Refers to a discipline of psychology that attempts to explain how an organism learns (“organism” can refer to humans or animals)
Learning theory
What major learning theory defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential as a result of experience or practice?
Behavioral Theory
This is any change in environment that causes the organism to react
Stimulus
This is how the organism reacts to a stimulus (results in behavioral change)
Response
Behavioral theory is also known as?
Behaviorism or Behavioral psychology
T or F: Behavioral theory is concerned with abstract and internal responses
False (must be observable and measurable; there is no processing in the brain to be observed)
This is what you call when all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment
Conditioning
In 1913, he started the Behaviorist Movement in his article, “Psychology, as the Behaviorist Views It”
John Watson
Who is the main proponent of the classical conditioning theory?
Pavlov
This conditioning theory occurs when a formerly neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a reflexive response
Classical conditioning theory by Pavlov
This is an entity that triggers an automatic response
Unconditioned stimulus
Refers to what happens when the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus leads to unlearning
Extinction
Who is the main proponent of the operant conditioning theory?
Skinner
This conditioning theory forms an association between a behavior and a consequence
Operant conditioning theory by Skinner
The operant conditioning theory is also known as?
Response-stimulus or RS conditioning
In the operant conditioning theory, this is an action that results to consequences
Operant behavior
What is the main difference between the classical and operant conditioning theories?
Operant requires action on the part of the learner, compared to the classical method of manually delivering the stimulus
This is an action that strengthens a behavior
Reinforcement
This type of reinforcement refers to when a desirable stimulus is added to strengthen behavior
Positive reinforcement
This type of reinforcement refers to when an undesirable stimulus is removed to strengthen behavior
Negative reinforcement
This refers to an action done on an unpleasant consequence to weaken behavior
Punishment
This type of punishment is when an unfavorable consequence is given in order to weaken the undesired behavior
Positive punishment
This type of punishment is when a favorable outcome is removed after an undesired behavior occurs
Negative punishment
This type of reinforcement is the best kind according to Skinner
Positive reinforcement
Who is the main proponent of the contiguity theory?
Guthrie
This is synonymous to the word
“contiguity”
Nearby
This theory states that stimuli and response bonds are strengthened because they occur together
Contiguity theory by Guthrie
Behaviorists claim that the behavioral theories are capable of explaining only simple or complex behavior?
Simple; not much processing of intellectual information is involved
This is a study of how the brain works in the process of perception, thinking, remembering, and learning
Cognitive science
Cognitive science is also known as?
Information processing
This theory refers to learning based on mental processes by which learners take in, interpret, store, and receive information
Cognitive Learning Theories
This theory explains how new information is included into existing thoughts and memory structures; it connects new skills or ideas into larger a scope of past experiences
Subsumption theory of meaningful verbal learning by Ausubel
Who is the main proponent of the subsumption theory of meaningful verbal learning?
Ausubel
This word is synonymous to include, add, combine, etc.
Subsume
Type of subsumption:
- new information is an example of an already learned concept
Derivative subsumption
Type of subsumption:
- a higher-level concept of thinking
Correlative subsumption
Type of subsumption:
- did not know the concept until it was taught
Superordinate subsumption
Type of subsumption:
- newly acquired knowledge combines with prior knowledge to enrich understanding of both
Combinatorial learning
Who is the main proponent of the concept of schema/schemata?
Rumelhart
These are knowledge structures that are stored in memory
Schema (sing.) or Schemata (plu.)
This concept states that all knowledge can be packaged into small units with information and states that knowledge manipulation (how to use the knowledge in memory recollection) is also present
Concept of schema/schemata
Process of learning of facts; new information is learned and added to existing schema
Accretion
Refers to when existing schemata evolve or get refined as new information is added
Tuning (schema evolution)
Refers to the development of new schemata by copying an old one and adding new elements to warrant new schemata
Restructuring (schema creation)
This theory was created in 1972 where it states that information is processed sequentially: perception → attention → labelling → meaning; the greater the processing of information, the more it will be retained and remembered
Levels of processing theory by Craik and Lockhart
Who were the main proponents of the levels of processing theory?
Craik & Lockhart
This is essential for memory encoding and how much information will be recalled
Attention
This type of processing has 2 subcategories called structural and phonemic processing
Shallow
This type of processing has a subcategory called semantic processing
Deep
This type of shallow processing focuses on what “looks like”
Structural processing
This type of shallow processing focuses on what “sounds like”
Phonemic processing
This type of deep processing deals with how the meaning of a word is related to similar words with similar meaning; involves elaboration rehearsal
Semantic processing
The following activities fall under what term?
- translation of questions into simpler words
- DIY study questions and reviewers
- use of images for assistance
- use of mnemonics
Elaboration rehearsal
This model explains how information is processed by different parts of the memory system simultaneously
Parallel distributing model
This model explains how information is stored in many places forming a network of connections in the brain
Connectionistic model
This theory is the most commonly heard/known about and it occurs in three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Stage theory
This type of memory is short-lived and passing
Sensory memory
This type of memory is aka working memory; lasts around 15-30 seconds unless repeated; may be retained indefinitely if it is meaningful or practiced
Short-term memory
This process is when information is clustered into patterns reducing long strings of information into shorter manageable chunks; helps STM go into LTM
Chunking
This major concept of STM sees chunking as a related issue when grouping pieces of ideas into one unit
Organization
This major concept of STM is aka rote rehearsal; it is used to try to “learn” something; until information is processed into LTM, it is not learning
Repetition
This type of memory states that information stays longer because it is attached into existing schema (duration is not permanent unless recalled frequently)
Long-term memory
A process of LTM that connects information to be learned with what is already known
Elaboration
Type of elaboration:
- providing multiple examples
Elaboration of processing
Type of elaboration:
- asking the “why” questions
Elaboration of interrogation
Type of elaboration:
- an example would be how mnemonics can lead to varied encoding techniques
Elaborative rehearsal
Type of elaborative rehearsal:
- creation of mental pictures
Imaging
Type of elaborative rehearsal:
- ideas to be remembered are related to objects located in a familiar location
Method of loci
Type of elaborative rehearsal:
- things to be remembered are connected to specific words (e.g one-bun, two-shoes)
Pegword method
Type of elaborative rehearsal:
- information to be remembered is arranged in a phonetically-similar sounding manner
Rhyming (songs and phrases)
Type of elaborative rehearsal:
- first letter of each word is used to make a sentence
Initial letter
Type of elaborative rehearsal:
- combination of letters with each letter acting as a cue you need to remember
Acronym
Type of elaborative rehearsal:
- invented sentence where the first letter of each word represents a cue word
Acrostic
This is aka periodic review
Distributed practice
Attention, Repetition, or Elaboration?
- process to STM
Attention
Attention, Repetition, or Elaboration?
- maintain in STM
Repetition
Attention, Repetition, or Elaboration?
- process to LTM
Elaboration
This theory suggests how an individual learns through observation and imitation of others
Social learning theory by Bandura and Wallace
Who were the main proponents of the social learning theory?
Bandura and Wallace
This is learning through constant interaction with the environment and other people
Modeling
This helps in determining which modeled behaviors will be learned
Attentional processes
This is the ability to retain modeled behaviors in permanent memory
Retention process
Whose definition of learning is this?
- acquisition of knowledge and skills that change a person’s behavior
Behaviorists
Whose definition of learning is this?
- acquisition of knowledge is more favorable than behavioral change
Cognitive theorists
Whose definition of learning is this?
- process where novices become experts
Breur
This refers to:
- thinking about one’s thinking
- awareness and understanding of one’s thinking and cognitive processes
- learners gauge their thinking while trying to learn at the same time
Metacognition
This is the ability to store facts which can be utilized in the future
Consolidation
This is when memories cannot be retrieved due to weakened connections/networks
Forgetting
This key factor determines whether something will be remembered or forgotten
Intent to learn
Less than 2 weeks after meaningless material was learned, 90% of the information has been forgotten, what is being referred to here?
Retention or forgetting curve
This is the ability to take information learned from one area and apply it to another
Transfer
This type of learning is when present learning is enhanced or accelerated by past learning
Positive learning
This type of learning is when past learning interferes with present learning
Negative learning
