L3: Musculoskeletal and CV System

Question 1

What are structures associated with muscles?

Answer 1

• Tendons - Ligaments - Synovial tendon sheath - Bursae - Investing fascia

Question 1

Where are lymph capillaries not found?

Answer 1

• in CNS, eyeballs, nails, hair, bone marrow, spleen pulp and hyaline cartilage

Question 1

What lymph drainage does the thoracic duct receive? Where does it drain?

Answer 1

• Receives lymph from R/L lumbar and intestinal trunks - Drains into junction between L subclavian and IJ veins

Question 2

What are synovial tendon sheaths?

Answer 2

• Wrapping of synovial membrane around a tendon forming sacs that contain synovial fluid. Reduces friction and facilitates movement of tendon

Question 3

Through what major vessels does coronary circulation occur?

Answer 3

• R and L coronary arteries, return via coronary sinus

Question 4

What are tendons?

Answer 4

• Fibrous structures that connect muscles to bones

Question 4

What are aponeuroses?

Answer 4

• Flat, sheet-like tendon

Question 4

What are ligaments?

Answer 4

• Fibrous structures that connect bone to bone across a joint. They stabilize joints.

Question 6

What is a fibrous joint? What are its subtypes? Provide examples.

Answer 6

• Fibrous joints: articulating surfaces are united by fibrous material. a.) Sutures: joints between cranial bones, bones held tightly together allowing little movement Eg. Coronal suture b.) Syndesmoses: unites bone with sheet of fibrous tissue either ligament or fibrous membrane – Eg. Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna c.) Gomphosis: peg-like fibrous process holding / stabilizing a structure Eg. Articulation between root of tooth and alveolar process

Question 7

Provide characteristics of skeletal muscle?

Answer 7

• Contains large, striated, multinucleated cells

Question 9

What are 3 basic joint types? What is the definition of each joint? What are the joint subtypes? Examples

Answer 9

• 1.)Fibrous joints: articulating surfaces are united by fibrous material. a.) Sutures: joints between cranial bones, bones held tightly together allowing little movement Eg. Coronal suture b.) Syndesmoses: unites bone with sheet of fibrous tissue either ligament or fibrous membrane – Eg. Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna c.) Gomphosis: peg-like fibrous process holding / stabilizing a structure Eg. Articulation between root of tooth and alveolar process - 2.) Cartilaginous joints: articulating structures are held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage a.) Synchondroses (aka primary cartilage joint): united by hyaline cartilage; joints permit growth and bending during development Eg. Epiphysial growth plate (made of hyaline cartilage) b.) Symphysis (aka secondary cartilage joint): strong, slightly mobile joints united by fibrocartilage Eg. Pubic symphysis and IV joints - 3.) Synovial joints (aka diarthrosis): joints contain articular capsule that completely/partially covers the joint; articular cartilage = hyaline covers the articular surface; synovial membrane covers internal non-articular surfaces and produces synovial fluid for lubrication; may contain disc. There are 7 types of joints depending on movement allowed. a.) Plane joint: gliding, sliding. Eg. AC joint b.) Hinge joint: flexion, extension. Eg. Elbow joint c.) Saddle joint: biaxial movement. Eg. Carpometacarpal joint d.) Ball and Socket joint: multiaxial movment. Eg. Hip joint e.) Pivot joints: uniaxial rotation. Eg. AA joint f.) Condylar joints: wide range of flexion extension, narrow range abd/adduction. Eg. Metacarpophalangeal joint g.) Compound joints: Eg. Knee joint??

Question 10

What lymph drainage does the right lymphatic duct receive? Where does it drain?

Answer 10

• Receives lymph from the R head and neck, R upper limb and R half of thorax. - Drains into junction of R subclavian and IJ veins.

Question 11

What are 5 types of circulation within the body?

Answer 11

• Pulmonary circulation - Coronary circulation - Cerebral circulation - Systemic circulation - Lymphatic circulation

Question 12

What is Hilton’s Law? How does this apply to innvervation and blood supply of joints?

Answer 12

• Any nerve that supplies the muscle that acts on the joint, will also supply the joint. - Arteries supply a joint are from vessels that supply the neighbouring structures, the blood vessels anastomose

Question 13

Through what major vessels does cerebral circulation occur?

Answer 13

• Two vertebral and two internal carotid arteries, return is mainly via internal jugular veins

Question 14

What is the rule about muscles crossing joints?

Answer 14

• If a muscle crosses a joint, it must move that joint. If it crosses two joints, it must move both.

Question 16

What is a synovial joint? What are its subtypes? Provide examples.

Answer 16

• Synovial joints (aka diarthrosis): joints contain articular capsule that completely/partially covers the joint; articular cartilage = hyaline covers the articular surface; synovial membrane covers internal non-articular surfaces and produces synovial fluid for lubrication; may contain disc. There are 7 types of joints depending on movement allowed. a.) Plane joint: gliding, sliding. Eg. AC joint b.) Hinge joint: flexion, extension. Eg. Elbow joint c.) Saddle joint: biaxial movement. Eg. Carpometacarpal joint d.) Ball and Socket joint: multiaxial movment. Eg. Hip joint e.) Pivot joints: uniaxial rotation. Eg. AA joint f.) Condylar joints: wide range of flexion extension, narrow range abd/adduction. Eg. Metacarpophalangeal joint g.) Compound joints: Eg. Knee joint??

Question 17

Through what major vessels does systemic circulation occur?

Answer 17

• Aorta, return from head/neck/upper limbs/thorax via superior vena cava and return from rest of body via inferior vena cava

Question 18

What is a cartilaginous joint? What are its subtypes? Provide examples.

Answer 18

• Cartilaginous joints: articulating structures are held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage a.) Synchondroses (aka primary cartilage joint): united by hyaline cartilage; joints permit growth and bending during development Eg. Epiphysial growth plate (made of hyaline cartilage) b.) Symphysis (aka secondary cartilage joint): strong, slightly mobile joints united by fibrocartilage Eg. Pubic symphysis and IV joints

Question 19

Describe function of arteries.

Answer 19

• Carry oxygenated blood away from heart, with the exception of the pulmonary arteries that take deoxygenated blood away from heart and to lungs

Question 20

Describe function of veins.

Answer 20

• Bring deoxygenated blood towards the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary veins, which bring oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs.

Question 22

What are bursae?

Answer 22

• Bursae are synovial sacs located between tendons and underlying bony structures - They contain synovial fluid to facilitate movement of tendons or skin over bony prominences. - Most are enclosed and remain separate from joint cavity, others community with cavity

Question 23

Describe lymph circulation.

Answer 23

• Lymph capillaries begin in tissue interstitial space of as blind – ended vessels; wider than blood capillaries; known as lacteals in villi of small intestine - Lymphatic vessels (aka collecting vessels) are formed by converging lymphatic capillaries. Follow veins and get larger and thicker walled. They contain valves, give them beaded appearance. They travel to central/regional lymph nodes. - Larger vessels known as trunks drain off lymph nodes into thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct. - Thoracic duct begins in upper abdomen (opposite L1 vertebra) as a dilated sac known as cistern chyli. Receives drainage from right/left lumbar trunks and intestinal trunks. Thoracic duct ascends through thorax and terminates by draining into venous system at junction of left subclavian and left IJ veins. - Right lymphatic duct receives drainage from right side of head and neck, right upper limb and right half of thorax. Drains into junction of right IJ and right subclavian.