L2: Cardiorespiratory Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What is the main purpose of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

The main purpose of the cardiovascular system is to supply somatic cells with oxygen and nutrients while removing waste

Question 2

Systematic circulation

Answer 2

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 3

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 3

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and sends oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 4

What are the 2 parts of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 4

1. Systole
2. Diastole

Question 5

Systole

Answer 5

Contraction of the heart which pumps blood out

Question 6

Diastole

Answer 6

Relaxation of the heart which allows it to fill with blood

Question 7

What is the purpose of the right atrium and right ventricle?

Answer 7

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygentaed blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs

Question 8

What is the purpose of the left atrium and left ventricle?

Answer 8

The left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein.

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to the rest of the body

Question 9

Blood pressure

Answer 9

The amount of pressure blood exerts on arterial walls. It is measured using 2 numbers, each refering to systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Question 10

Why are low and high blood pressure dangerous?

Answer 10

Low blood pressure can cause fainting and organ failure.

High blood pressure can cause heart attacks and strokes

Question 11

What are the 3 parts of the vascular system?

Answer 11

1. Artery
2. Veins
3. Capillaries

Question 12

How do arteries differ from veins structurally?

Answer 12

Arteries have thick walls and small lumens

Veins have thin walls and large lumens. They also have valves to prevent blood from pooling

Question 13

Cardiac conducting system

Answer 13

The heart generates its own electrical signals through the sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 14

Why is the SA node important?

Answer 14

It adapts heart rate to fit the body’s current physical demands

Question 15

What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?

Answer 15

The main purpose of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

Question 16

What 4 parts of the respiratory system does oxygen pass through before entering the lungs?

Answer 16

1. Nose/mouth
2. Epiglottis
3. Larynx
4. Trachea

Question 17

In the lungs, what is the purpose of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli?

Answer 17

The bronchi branch off into smaller airways calls bronchioles, leading to even smaller airways called alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Question 18

Describe the structure of alveoli

Answer 18

Alveoli are shaped like cauliflower and have a large surface area that is only 1 cell thick. Capillaries surround alveoli

Question 19

How do alveoli interact with capillaries?

Answer 19

Alveoli supply capillaries with oxygen whilst simultaneously removing carbon dioxide

Question 20

Stroke volume

Answer 20

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

Question 21

Heart rate

Answer 21

The number of beats the heart makes per minute

Question 22

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 22

By multiplying stroke volume and heart rate

Question 23

Tidal volume

Answer 23

The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each breath

Question 24

Breathing frequency

Answer 24

The number of breaths taken per minute

Question 25

How is minute ventilation calculated?

Answer 25

By multiplying tidal volume and breathing frequency

Question 26

What happens to tidal volume, breathing frequency, and minute variation during exercise?

Answer 26

All significantly increase.

Tidal volume: 3 - 6 fold
Breathing frequency: 15 fold
Minute variation: 25 - 40 fold