L19: Urine As A Indicator Of Disease Flashcards
What are the advantages of taking a urine sample
Non invasive (doesn’t require needles)
Easily obtained
Gives lots of info
Shows pre-renal and renal disease
Why is it important that a bacteria test is not taken in the morning
Bacteria can multiply at night and then become more in the morning
Why is important to carry out the urine sample test ASAP
So levels do not change in the urine
What is the normal volume of urine per day
0.8-2 litres
What is the normal general appearance of urine
Pale yellow and clear
What does a foamy urine indicate
Proteinuria
What does a cloudy urine indicate
Excess cellular protein
Sing of infection
High phosphate intake
What does a red urine indicate
Blood
Or
Myoglobin
When can we get myoglobulin in the blood
Muscle damage
What does a red/brown urine indicate
Conjugated bilirubin
What does black urine indicate
Melonin
When we carry out a microscopic examination what do we look for
Bacteria
Cells
Casts
Crystals
When we look for bacteria which type of bacteria do we look for
Gram negative bacteria
What type of cells do we look for
White cells or red cells
What does white cells indicate
Kidney infection
What does red cells indicate
Kidney damage
What is the normal ph range for a urine
4.5-8
Which disease can make the urine acidic
Diabetes
Starvation
Hyperventilation
Which diseases make the urine alkaline
Urinary tract obstruction
Respiratory disorder: hypoventilation
What is creatnine
A muscle energy reserve
What happens to creatine levels when muscle degrade
Increase
What do we get when there is low levels of urea
Hyperammonaemia: urea accumulates in blood
Why is urea toxic to the brain
Urea can cross the blood brain barrier
What is the treatment of hyperammonaemia
Low protein intake
If there is low size protein in the urine what does this indicate
Pre-renal disease
If there is a high size protein in the urine what does this indicate
Damaged kidney
