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REN > L18: Potassium And More > Flashcards

L18: Potassium And More Flashcards

1
Q

Where does most of the potassium exist

A

Intracellular

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2
Q

What would happen to the potassium if we add more potassium into the extracellular spade

A

Potassium will move to the intracellular space

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3
Q

What occurs when there is high potassium potassium

A

Hyperkalaemia

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4
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalaemia

A 
End stage renal failure 
Crush injury 
Blood transfusion
Insulin deficiency 
Over use of potassium sparing diuretics
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5
Q

What is the consequence of hyperkalaemia

A

Cardiac dysrhythmia

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6
Q

What is the treatment of hyperkalaemia

A

Restrict potassium diet

Insulin or glucose

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7
Q

How does insulin/glucose cause the decrease of potassium

A

Insulin stimulates sodium/potassium ATPase so insulin will decrease potassium
Glucose causes the release of insulin

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8
Q

What occurs when there is low level of potassium

A

Hypokalaemia

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9
Q

What are the causes of hypokalaemia

A

Diarrhoea
Furosemide (diuretics)
Insulin overdoes

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10
Q

What is the consequence of hypokalaemia

A

Cardiac dysrhythmia

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11
Q

What is the treatment for hypokalaemia

A

Give intravenous potassium

Potassium containing food

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12
Q

How is potassium absorbed at the proximal tubule

A

Absorbed passively and with water paracellular

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13
Q

How is potassium absorbed at the thick ascending limb

A

Via NKC22 transporter

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14
Q

Where is potassium secreted in the nephron

A

From Distal tubule to collecting duct

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15
Q

Which cells secrete potassium from distal tubule to collecting duct

A

Principal cells

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16
Q

Which hormone controls principal cells to secrete potassium

A

Aldosterone

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17
Q

What is the role of aldosterone

A

Increase the channel expression

18
Q

What is the channel of the principal cell called

A

Apical membrane potassium channel (ROMK)

19
Q

What other channel at the distal tubule causes the secretion of potassium

A

Calcium activated potassium channel

20
Q

Which other part of the nephron is potassium secreted at

A

Thick ascending limb

21
Q

Which drugs increase the secretion of potassium

A

Diuretics such as furosemide

22
Q

Which main hormone regulates the potassium concentration

A

Aldosterone

23
Q

What is the other role of aldosterone in the kidney

A

Regulate volume

24
Q

Which are the 2 main points where calcium is reabsorbed in the nephron

A

Proximal tubule

Thick ascending limb

25
Q

How does calcium get reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

Moves inside the cell via calcium channels

Moves across the basolateral membrane by calcium ATPase

26
Q

How is calcium reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb

A

Absorbed by the positive potential in the lumen

27
Q

Which hormone does the kidney produce to regulate erythropoiesis in the bone marrow

A

EPO (erythropoietin)

28
Q

When is erythropoietin produced

A

In hypoxia

29
Q

Where is EPO synthesised

A

In the renal cortex of mesangial cells

30
Q

Which transcription factor stimulates EPO production

A

HIF-2

31
Q

In what type of disease does EPO levels decrease

A

Renal failure

32
Q

What is the treatment for low levels of EPO

A

EPO analogues

33
Q

Which hormone is activated in the kidney to stimulate the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the gut

A

1,25 vitamin D

34
Q

Where do we get inactive vitamin d from

A

Sun/skin

Diet

35
Q

What does activated vitamin D do to the absorption of calcium and phosphate

A

Increase it

36
Q

Where is calcium and phosphate absorbed from

A

The gut

37
Q

Which hormone is vitamin D under the control of

A

PTH

38
Q

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of blood volume that is produced in the kidney

A

Renin

39
Q

Therefore what are the 3 hormones the kidney can produce

A

EPO
Active vitamin D
Renin

40
Q

Where is calcium reabsorbed in the nephron

A

Proximal tubule

Thick ascending limb

41
Q

How is calcium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

Transcelullar via calcium channel on the apical membrane and calcium ATPase on the basolateral membrane

42
Q

How is calcium reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb

A

Due to the reabsorption of water

REN (19 decks)

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