Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PR2202 > L16: Nail Cosmetics > Flashcards

L16: Nail Cosmetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nail consists of?

A
  • Nail plate
  • Nail matrix
  • Nail bed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three layers of the nail plate? Start from the outermost layer.

A
  1. Ventral nail plate
  2. Intermediate nail plate
  3. Dorsal nail plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of the nail plate?

A
  • Hard part of the nail
  • Made of translucent keratin protein
  • Consists of several layers of dead, compacted cells that confers strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When we say “nail”, which portion of the nail are we actually referring to?

A

Nail plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of the nail bed?

A
  • Supply water to the nail
  • Ensures nail grow in a fixed direction
  • Low water content
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which kind of nail lines are more worrying?

A

Beau’s lines (horizontal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How will the nail be affected by vitamin A & B deficiency?

A

Brittle, dry and darkened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How will low dietary protein intake affect the nail?

A

White nail beds due to reduced haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How will the nails be affected by iron deficiency?

A

“Spoon” nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How will the nails be affected by calcium deficiency?

A

Fragile nails (without white spots)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the nail matrix contain?

A

Melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the nail matrix responsible for?

A

Producing cells that become the nail plate.

It will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the other parts of the nail and their corresponding functions/characteristic?

A
  • Nail lunula: part of the matrix; not fully keratinized and not in complete contact with nail bed
  • Nail cuticle: Tissue that overlaps the plate and rims the base of the nail; Protects the formed nail
  • Nail fold: walls/folds of skin that frame and support the nail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the composition of the nail?

A
  • Modified epidermal cells
  • Hard keratin (absence of keratohyaline granules == strong disulfide bonds)
  • Low calcium content
  • Low water content
  • Low fatty materials
  • Absorbs and loses water easily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is unique about the blood supply in the nails?

A

Supplied among hard surfaces, like the nail plate and underneath the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which part of the nail does it grow from?

A

Nail matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Toenails grow faster than fingernails. True or False?

A

False. Fingernails grow faster than toenails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nails grow faster in summer than in winter. True or False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes nails to grow slower?

A
  • Increasing age
  • Cold conditions
  • Diseased states with reduced blood flow to the body’s periphery
  • Malnutrition
  • Routine exposure to solvents, detergents or chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to the nails with excess water absorption?

A

Becomes tender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the nails with excess water loss?

A

Becomes brittle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Does the nails grow faster on the dominant hand?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is it possible to use nails for forensic purposes?

A

Due to the slow growth rate of nails, it is possible to utilize nail clipping to detect previous exposure to drugs, metals and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does it mean to detect cocaine in the clipped nails of a newborn?

A

Means that there was exposure during embryogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the common nail disorders?

A
  • White spots
  • Splinter hemorrhages & split nails
  • Ingrown nails
  • Fungal and bacterial infections
  • Psioriasis
  • Nail biting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the causes for white spots on nails?

A
  • Allergy
  • Nail injury
  • Mineral deficiency
  • Fungi
27
Q

How does white spots develop on nails and why?

A

Results from injury to the base (matrix) of the nail, where nail cells are produced

28
Q

How does splinter hemorrhages and split nails occur?

A

Due to disruption of blood vessels in the nail bed, causing fine, splinter-like vertical lines that become dark in color under the nail plate

29
Q

What are splinter hemorrhages caused by?

A
  • Injury to the nail
  • Certain drugs
  • Certain diseases
30
Q

What causes nail split?

A

Due to loss of plasticity from water loss

31
Q

How to treat splinter hemorrhages and split nails?

A
  • Avoid hand sanitizers, as they remove water from the nail plate
  • Use moisturizer
  • Tea bag repair technique
32
Q

Which part of the body is more prone to having ingrown nails?

A

Toenails

33
Q

What are some causes of ingrown nails?

A
  • Improper nail trimming
  • Tight shoes
  • Poor posture

(cause the corner of the nail to curve downward into the skin)

34
Q

How to treat ingrown nails?

A

Cut nails straight across with no curves to leave the sides longer

35
Q

Which part of the body is more prone to fungal infections and why?

A

Toenails, due to the warm, moist and bearing environment

36
Q

How to treat fungal and bacteria infections of the nails?

A
  • Oral medicine

- Topical medicine to be applied on the nails

37
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Chronic skin disease characterized by red, scaly patches

38
Q

Which condition is usually associated with psoriasis?

A

Inflammatory arthritis

39
Q

What are some obvious signs of psoriasis?

A
  • Separation of the nail from the nail bed

- Splinter hemorrhages

40
Q

How to treat psoriasis?

A
  • If mild, use nail acrylic

- If severe, use cloth to wrap and nail paint to camouflage

41
Q

Nail biting is common in which group of individuals?

A

Young children

42
Q

What is the risk of nail biting?

A

Transferring infectious organisms from the fingers to the mouth and vice versa

43
Q

How to treat nail biting?

A

Apply bad tasting nail polishes or liquids to the nail (eg. Bitrex = denatonium, the most bitter chemical known)

44
Q

What can be done to harden/strengthen brittle nails?

A
  • Use nail hardeners
  • Use nail polish and protheses as strengthener
  • Consume a diet rich in proteins
  • Use moisturizers to treat dehydrated brittle nails
45
Q

What is an example of a nail hardener?

A

Formaldehyde

46
Q

How does a nail hardener work?

A

Cross-linking keratin proteins

47
Q

What is the paradoxical issue about nail hardeners?

A

It makes the nails more brittle

48
Q

Which is the best way to strengthen brittle nails?

A

Nail polish

49
Q

What is the disadvantage of using nail polish? How can we overcome it?

A

Problems for removal; requires the use of acetone or acetone-free removers, which dehydrates the nail plate

Can use bamboo-containing polishes instead, as it does not stain the nails

50
Q

Should nail protheses be used frequently? Why or why not?

A

No, it decreases the oxygen transport and weakens the nails with frequent removal

51
Q

What are some good ingredients in a moisturizer for brittle nails?

A
  • Urea
  • Lactic acid
  • Glycerin
  • Petrolatum (occlusive)
  • Biotin
52
Q

Can nail moisturizers be used for the face?

A

No. It contains slightly more occlusives

53
Q

Can hand moisturizers be used for the nails?

A

Yes

54
Q

What is the main type of ingredient in nail enamel? What are its 3 sub-categories?

A

Flim-forming ingredients

  1. Film formers
  2. Resins
  3. Plasticizers
55
Q

What is a common film-forming ingredient?

A

Nitrocellulose

56
Q

What is a common thickener used in nail enamel?

A

Stearalkonium hectorite

57
Q

What are the 5 types of nail polish?

A
  1. Base coat
  2. Top coat
  3. Gel
  4. Matte
  5. Shellac
58
Q

Which type of nail polish requires UV treatment? What does it do?

A

Gel polish, UV light activates cross-linking

59
Q

What is the base coat nail polish used for?

A

To strengthen nails, restore moisture and/or help polish adhere to the nail

60
Q

Which contains more nitrocellulose and plasticizers, base or top coat of nail polish? Why?

A

Top coat. To improve nail enamel resistance

61
Q

Which contains more resin, base or top coat of ail polish?

A

Base coat. Top increase adherence of nails

62
Q

Is cuticle removal good for the nails?

A

No

63
Q

What are some safety concerns about nail products for consumers?

A
  • Throat irritation from direct inhalation

- Nail/skin dehydration

PR2202 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions