L09 Flashcards
What is self-concept, and when does it begin to form?
Self-concept is a set of beliefs about oneself, including personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, and values. It begins to form around 18 months, marked by passing the rouge test and using “me” pronouns.
At what age do children begin to form basic gender identity?
Around 2.5-3 years old, children start identifying as boys or girls and can label others accordingly.
What is gender socialization?
Gender socialization is the process through which children learn about societal expectations and behaviors associated with being male or female, beginning at a very young age.
At what age do children begin to understand gender constancy?
Around 6 years old, children understand that gender remains constant despite changes in appearance or behavior.
What are the four parenting styles and their effects on children?
Authoritative: High warmth and discipline, leads to confident, socially skilled children.
Authoritarian: High discipline, low warmth, leads to obedient but emotionally less competent children.
Permissive: High warmth, low discipline, leads to impulsive and poorly regulated children.
Uninvolved: Low warmth and discipline, leads to insecure attachment and behavioral problems.
What is the concept of self-socialization in gender development?
Self-socialization refers to children actively seeking out gender-related information and adjusting their behavior to conform to gender norms, especially around 3-5 years old
What is identity achievement in adolescence, and how does it relate to Marcia’s Identity Statuses?
Identity achievement occurs when a person has explored various identities and committed to one. Marcia’s model includes stages: diffusion → moratorium/foreclosure → achievement.
What is egocentrism in adolescence, and how does it manifest?
Egocentrism in adolescence is the belief that one’s thoughts and feelings are unique. This leads to the imaginary audience effect, where teens believe everyone is focused on their behavior and appearance.
What are the different types of play in early childhood?
Non-social play: Includes unoccupied play (0-3 months) and solitary play (3 months-2 years).
Social play: Includes parallel play (2-3 years), associative play (3-4 years), and cooperative play (4+ years).
What factors influence children’s choice of friends?
Similarity in age, personality, emotions, and academic motivation.
Proximity, gender, and ethnicity also play a role.
How does parental involvement affect children’s peer relationships?
Parental monitoring and coaching can help children navigate peer relationships, manage conflicts, and handle emotions effectively.
What is sociometric status and its relevance in peer relationships?
Sociometric status refers to how much a child is liked or disliked by peers. It includes popular, rejected, average, neglected, and controversial groups, influencing social outcomes
