L08 Flashcards
What is internalization, and why is it important in child development?
Internalization is when children learn and accept the reasons for desired behaviors, adhering to rules even without parental presence. It is crucial for long-term behavior regulation.
What are the key guidelines for effective discipline?
Set clear, consistent rules. Give attention and praise for good behavior. Ignore non-dangerous bad behavior. Provide clear consequences and follow through. Use time-outs appropriately (1 minute per year of age).
What are the four parenting styles and their characteristics?
Authoritative: High warmth and discipline, explains rules, encourages autonomy, leads to high social and academic skills. Authoritarian: High discipline, low warmth, leads to obedience without internalization, often lower self-confidence and social competence. Permissive: High warmth, low discipline, leads to impulsivity, poor self-regulation, and academic issues. Uninvolved: Low warmth and discipline, leads to insecure attachment, behavioral problems, and low academic achievement.
What is helicopter parenting, and what are its effects on children?
Overprotective and controlling parenting style that solves problems for the child. Linked to increased anxiety, decreased self-efficacy, and poorer academic performance.
How do mothers’ and fathers’ roles differ in child development?
Mothers: Spend more time with children, provide physical care and emotional support. Fathers: Tend to engage more in play, but both parents’ sensitivity is crucial for development.
How does culture influence parenting styles?
Parenting styles may differ across cultures, with Chinese/Chinese American families more likely to use authoritarian styles, which are less harmful in those cultures due to the norm.
What is the effect of spanking on children’s development?
Spanking is linked to less internalization of rules, more aggression, behavioral problems, and mental health issues, and is considered a violation of children’s rights.
How does family structure impact child development?
Factors like age of first-time parents, same-sex parents, divorce, and sibling relationships all influence a child’s development, with differences in parental sensitivity playing a key role in attachment security.
What is the impact of divorce on children, and how does the child’s age affect this?
Younger children (Grade 1-5) show more internalizing (anxiety/depression) and externalizing (impulsivity/aggression) symptoms, while older children (Grade 6-10) show academic difficulties. However, these effects do not last if parents provide sensitivity and warmth post-divorce.
What are the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on child development?
Low SES: Linked to poor academic achievement, behavior problems, and anxiety/depression due to material hardships and stress. High SES: Can lead to drug/alcohol use, depression, anxiety, and high pressure to achieve.
What is the differential susceptibility hypothesis?
Some children are more sensitive to environmental conditions (both positive and negative) than others, affecting their development more strongly.
How do siblings affect each other’s development?
Positive sibling relationships promote social competence and well-being, while negative relationships lead to withdrawal, depression, and behavioral problems. Similarities between siblings arise from shared genes and environment.
